卡尔漫滤波器

 

 

 

 

 

卡尔曼滤波器

小狼@http://blog.csdn.net/xiaolangyangyang

 

1. Kalman Filter五条黄金公式

        X(k|k-1) = AX(k-1|k-1)+BU(k)+W(k)
        P(k|k-1) = AP(k-1|k-1)A'+Q
        Kg(k) = P(k|k-1)H'/HP(k|k-1)H'+R
        X(k|k) = X(k|k-1)+Kg(k)(Z(k)-HX(k|k-1))
        P(k|k) = (I-Kg(k)H)P(k|k-1)

2. Kalman滤波涉及到的矩阵

        只要能够写出某个模型的A、P、Q、H、R矩阵，任何状态跟踪的问题都能迎刃而解

        A：状态转移矩阵

        P：状态协方差矩阵

        Q：过程噪声协方差矩阵

        H：测量矩阵

        R：测量噪声协方差矩阵

        B：控制矩阵

        Z：测量值（Z(k) = HX(k)+V(k)）

        W：过程噪声

        V：测量噪声

3. Kalman滤波C程序

/*
 * FileName : kalman_filter.h
 * Author   : xiahouzuoxin @163.com
 * Version  : v1.0
 * Date     : 2014/9/24 20:37:01
 * Brief    : 
 * 
 * Copyright (C) MICL,USTB
 */
#ifndef  _KALMAN_FILTER_H
#define  _KALMAN_FILTER_H

/* 
 * NOTES: n Dimension means the state is n dimension, 
 * measurement always 1 dimension 
 */

/* 1 Dimension */
typedef struct {
    float x;  /* state */
    float A;  /* x(n)=A*x(n-1)+u(n),u(n)~N(0,q) */
    float H;  /* z(n)=H*x(n)+w(n),w(n)~N(0,r)   */
    float q;  /* process(predict) noise convariance */
    float r;  /* measure noise convariance */
    float p;  /* estimated error convariance */
    float gain;
} kalman1_state;

/* 2 Dimension */
typedef struct {
    float x[2];     /* state: [0]-angle [1]-diffrence of angle, 2x1 */
    float A[2][2];  /* X(n)=A*X(n-1)+U(n),U(n)~N(0,q), 2x2 */
    float H[2];     /* Z(n)=H*X(n)+W(n),W(n)~N(0,r), 1x2   */
    float q[2];     /* process(predict) noise convariance,2x1 [q0,0; 0,q1] */
    float r;        /* measure noise convariance */
    float p[2][2];  /* estimated error convariance,2x2 [p0 p1; p2 p3] */
    float gain[2];  /* 2x1 */
} kalman2_state;                   

extern void kalman1_init(kalman1_state *state, float init_x, float init_p);
extern float kalman1_filter(kalman1_state *state, float z_measure);
extern void kalman2_init(kalman2_state *state, float *init_x, float (*init_p)[2]);
extern float kalman2_filter(kalman2_state *state, float z_measure);

#endif  /*_KALMAN_FILTER_H*/

/*
 * FileName : kalman_filter.c
 * Author   : xiahouzuoxin @163.com
 * Version  : v1.0
 * Date     : 2014/9/24 20:36:51
 * Brief    : 
 * 
 * Copyright (C) MICL,USTB
 */

#include "kalman_filter.h"

/*
 * @brief   
 *   Init fields of structure @kalman1_state.
 *   I make some defaults in this init function:
 *     A = 1;
 *     H = 1; 
 *   and @q,@r are valued after prior tests.
 *
 *   NOTES: Please change A,H,q,r according to your application.
 *
 * @inputs  
 *   state - Klaman filter structure
 *   init_x - initial x state value   
 *   init_p - initial estimated error convariance
 * @outputs 
 * @retval  
 */
void kalman1_init(kalman1_state *state, float init_x, float init_p)
{
    state->x = init_x;
    state->p = init_p;
    state->A = 1;
    state->H = 1;
    state->q = 2e2;//10e-6;  /* predict noise convariance */
    state->r = 5e2;//10e-5;  /* measure error convariance */
}

/*
 * @brief   
 *   1 Dimension Kalman filter
 * @inputs  
 *   state - Klaman filter structure
 *   z_measure - Measure value
 * @outputs 
 * @retval  
 *   Estimated result
 */
float kalman1_filter(kalman1_state *state, float z_measure)
{
    /* Predict */
    state->x = state->A * state->x;
    state->p = state->A * state->A * state->p + state->q;  /* p(n|n-1)=A^2*p(n-1|n-1)+q */

    /* Measurement */
    state->gain = state->p * state->H / (state->p * state->H * state->H + state->r);
    state->x = state->x + state->gain * (z_measure - state->H * state->x);
    state->p = (1 - state->gain * state->H) * state->p;

    return state->x;
}

/*
 * @brief   
 *   Init fields of structure @kalman1_state.
 *   I make some defaults in this init function:
 *     A = {{1, 0.1}, {0, 1}};
 *     H = {1,0}; 
 *   and @q,@r are valued after prior tests. 
 *
 *   NOTES: Please change A,H,q,r according to your application.
 *
 * @inputs  
 * @outputs 
 * @retval  
 */
void kalman2_init(kalman2_state *state, float *init_x, float (*init_p)[2])
{
    state->x[0]    = init_x[0];
    state->x[1]    = init_x[1];
    state->p[0][0] = init_p[0][0];
    state->p[0][1] = init_p[0][1];
    state->p[1][0] = init_p[1][0];
    state->p[1][1] = init_p[1][1];
    //state->A       = {{1, 0.1}, {0, 1}};
    state->A[0][0] = 1;
    state->A[0][1] = 0.1;
    state->A[1][0] = 0;
    state->A[1][1] = 1;
    //state->H       = {1,0};
    state->H[0]    = 1;
    state->H[1]    = 0;
    //state->q       = {{10e-6,0}, {0,10e-6}};  /* measure noise convariance */
    state->q[0]    = 10e-7;
    state->q[1]    = 10e-7;
    state->r       = 10e-7;  /* estimated error convariance */
}

/*
 * @brief   
 *   2 Dimension kalman filter
 * @inputs  
 *   state - Klaman filter structure
 *   z_measure - Measure value
 * @outputs 
 *   state->x[0] - Updated state value, Such as angle,velocity
 *   state->x[1] - Updated state value, Such as diffrence angle, acceleration
 *   state->p    - Updated estimated error convatiance matrix
 * @retval  
 *   Return value is equals to state->x[0], so maybe angle or velocity.
 */
float kalman2_filter(kalman2_state *state, float z_measure)
{
    float temp0 = 0.0f;
    float temp1 = 0.0f;
    float temp = 0.0f;

    /* Step1: Predict */
    state->x[0] = state->A[0][0] * state->x[0] + state->A[0][1] * state->x[1];
    state->x[1] = state->A[1][0] * state->x[0] + state->A[1][1] * state->x[1];
    /* p(n|n-1)=A^2*p(n-1|n-1)+q */
    state->p[0][0] = state->A[0][0] * state->p[0][0] + state->A[0][1] * state->p[1][0] + state->q[0];
    state->p[0][1] = state->A[0][0] * state->p[0][1] + state->A[1][1] * state->p[1][1];
    state->p[1][0] = state->A[1][0] * state->p[0][0] + state->A[0][1] * state->p[1][0];
    state->p[1][1] = state->A[1][0] * state->p[0][1] + state->A[1][1] * state->p[1][1] + state->q[1];

    /* Step2: Measurement */
    /* gain = p * H^T * [r + H * p * H^T]^(-1), H^T means transpose. */
    temp0 = state->p[0][0] * state->H[0] + state->p[0][1] * state->H[1];
    temp1 = state->p[1][0] * state->H[0] + state->p[1][1] * state->H[1];
    temp  = state->r + state->H[0] * temp0 + state->H[1] * temp1;
    state->gain[0] = temp0 / temp;
    state->gain[1] = temp1 / temp;
    /* x(n|n) = x(n|n-1) + gain(n) * [z_measure - H(n)*x(n|n-1)]*/
    temp = state->H[0] * state->x[0] + state->H[1] * state->x[1];
    state->x[0] = state->x[0] + state->gain[0] * (z_measure - temp); 
    state->x[1] = state->x[1] + state->gain[1] * (z_measure - temp);

    /* Update @p: p(n|n) = [I - gain * H] * p(n|n-1) */
    state->p[0][0] = (1 - state->gain[0] * state->H[0]) * state->p[0][0];
    state->p[0][1] = (1 - state->gain[0] * state->H[1]) * state->p[0][1];
    state->p[1][0] = (1 - state->gain[1] * state->H[0]) * state->p[1][0];
    state->p[1][1] = (1 - state->gain[1] * state->H[1]) * state->p[1][1];

    return state->x[0];
}

 

3. 相关连接

Kalman滤波器从原理到实现
http://blog.csdn.net/xiahouzuoxin/article/details/39582483

卡尔曼滤波器学习笔记（一）
http://blog.csdn.net/lizilpl/article/details/45268471

关于stm32进行卡尔曼滤波制作平衡车的一些心得和理解
http://www.51hei.com/bbs/dpj-34515-1.html