文献阅读记录(七)2023-07-23

知识表示学习的代表模型:

1.距离模型

结构表示(structured embedding,SE),每个实体用d维的向量表示,所有实体被投影到同一个d维向量空间中。SE还为每个关系r定义了2个矩阵Mr,1,Mr,2∈Rd×d,用于三元组中头实体和尾实体的投影操作。最后,SE为每个三元组(h,r,t)定义了如下损失函数:

SE将头实体向量lh和尾实体向量lt通过关系r的2个矩阵投影到r的对应空间中,然后在该空间中计算两投影向量的距离。这个距离反映了2个实体在关系r下的语义相关度,它们的距离越小,说明这2个实体存在这种关系。

 实体向量和关系矩阵是SE模型的参数。SE将知识库三元组作为学习样例,优化模型参数使知识库三元组的损失函数值不断降低,从而使实体向量和关系矩阵能够较好地反映实体和关系的语义信息。SE能够利用学习得到的知识表示进行链接预测,即通过计算:

 SE模型缺陷:对头、尾实体使用2个不同的矩阵进行投影,协同性较差,往往无法精确刻画两实体与关系之间的语义联系。

2.单层神经网络模型

单层神经网络模型(single layer model,SLM)尝试采用单层神经网络的非线性操作,来减轻SE无法协同精确刻画实体与关系的语义联系的问题。SLM为每个三元组(h,r,t)定义了如下评分函数:

其中,Mr,1,Mr,2∈Rd×k为投影矩阵,urT∈Rk为关系r的表示向量,g()是tanh函数。

缺陷:非线性操作仅提供了实体和关系之间比较微弱的联系。同时,却引入了更高的计算复杂度。

3.能量模型

语义匹配能量模型(semantic matching energy,SME)提出更复杂的操作,寻找实体和关系之间的语义联系。在SME中,每个实体和关系都用低维向量表示。在此基础上,定义若干投影矩阵,刻画实体与关系的内在联系。即SME为每个三元组(h,r,t)定义了2种评分函数:

线性形式:fr(h,t)=(M1lh+M2lr+b1)T(M3lt+M4lr+b2)

双线性形式:fr(h,t)=(M1lh*M2lr+b1)T(M3lt*M4lr+b2)

其中M1,M2,M3,M4∈Rd×k为投影矩阵;*表示按位相乘(即Hadamard积),b1,b2为偏置向量。 

4.双线性模型

隐变量模型(latent factor model,LFM)提出利用基于关系的双线性变换,刻画实体和关系之间的二阶联系。通过简单有效的方法刻画了实体和关系的语义联系,协同性较好,计算复杂度低。LFM为每个三元组(h,r,t)定义了如下双线性评分函数:

Mr∈Rd×d是关系r对应的双线性变换矩阵

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以下是一篇关于超市管理系统的外文文献,供您参考: Title: Design and Implementation of Supermarket Management System Based on Android Author: Zhang, Y. & Liu, Y. Journal: Journal of Physics: Conference Series Year: 2021 Abstract: With the development of mobile devices and the popularity of Android operating system, more and more businesses are choosing to develop management systems based on Android. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a supermarket management system based on Android platform. The system is designed to provide a convenient and efficient way for supermarket managers to manage their inventory, sales, and customer data. The system consists of two main parts: the server-side software and the Android client. The server-side software is responsible for managing the database, processing requests from clients, and providing the necessary data to the clients. The Android client provides the user interface for the supermarket managers to interact with the system. The client can be installed on any Android device, such as a smartphone or a tablet. The system provides a range of features, including inventory management, sales management, customer management, and reporting. The inventory management module allows the managers to add, modify, and delete products in the inventory. They can also view the current stock level and set up alerts to notify them when the stock level is low. The sales management module allows the managers to record sales transactions, view sales reports, and analyze sales trends. The customer management module allows the managers to store customer information, such as name, address, and phone number. They can also view the purchase history of each customer. The reporting module provides various reports, such as sales report, inventory report, and customer report. The system has been implemented and tested in a real-world supermarket. The results show that the system is reliable, efficient, and easy to use. The managers are able to manage their supermarket more effectively and make better decisions based on the data provided by the system. In conclusion, the supermarket management system based on Android platform is a promising solution for businesses that need to manage their inventory, sales, and customer data. The system provides a convenient and efficient way for managers to access the data they need and make informed decisions. With the continued development of mobile devices and the Android operating system, we expect to see more businesses adopting this technology in the future.

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