python自学之《Python编程：从入门到实践》——关于类和读取文件

第 9 章类

(1)面向对象编程 是最有效的软件编写方法之一。在面向对象编程中，你编写表示现实世界中的事物和情景的类，并基于这些类来创建对象。编写类时，你定义一大类对象都有的通用行为。基于类创建对象 时，每个对象都自动具备这种通用行为，然后可根据需要赋予每个对象独特的个性。使用面向对象编程可模拟现实情景，其逼真
程度达到了令你惊讶的地步。
(2)根据类来创建对象被称为实例化 ，这让你能够使用类的实例。在本章中，你将编写一些类并创建其实例。你将指定可在实例中存储什么信息，定义可对这些实例执行哪些操作。你还将编写一些类来扩展既有类的功能，让相似的类能够高效地共享代码。你将把自己编写的类存储在模块中，并在自己的程序文件中导入其他程序员编写的类。
(3)理解面向对象编程有助于你像程序员那样看世界，还可以帮助你真正明白自己编写的代码：不仅是各行代码的作用，还有代码背后更宏大的概念。了解类背后的概念可培养逻辑思维，让你能够通过编写程序来解决遇到的几乎任何问题。随着面临的挑战日益严峻，类还能让你以及与你合作的其他程序员的生活更轻松。如果你与其他程序员基于同样的逻辑来编写代码，你们就能明白对方所做的工作；你编写的程序将能被众多合作者所理解，每个人都能事半功倍。

>>> class Dog():
...     def __init__(self,name,age):
...         self.name = name
...         self.age = age
...     def sit(self):
...         print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
...     def roll_over(self):
...         print(self.name.title() + " rolled over!")
... 
>>> 

>>> class Dog():
...     def __init__(self,name,age):
...         self.name = name
...         self.age = age
...     def sit(self):
...         print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
...     def roll_over(self):
...         print(self.name.title() + " rolled over!")
... 
>>> my_dog = Dog('willie', 6)
>>> print("My dog's name is " + my_dog.name.title() + ".")
My dog's name is Willie.
>>> print("My dog is " + str(my_dog.age) + " years old.")
My dog is 6 years old.
>>> 

这里使用的是前一个示例中编写的 Dog 类。在❶处，我们让 Python 创建一条名字为 ‘willie’ 、年龄为 6 的小狗。遇到这行代码时， Python 使用实参 ‘willie’ 和 6 调用 Dog 类中的方法 init() 。方法 init() 创建一个表示特定小狗的示例，并使用我们提供的值来设置属性 name 和 age 。方法 init() 并未显式地包含 return 语句，但 Python 自动返回一个表示这条小狗的实例。我们将这个实例存储在变量 my_dog 中。在这里，命名约定很有用：我们通常可以认为首字母大写的名称（如 Dog ）指的是类，而小写的名称（如 my_dog ）指的是根据类创建的实例。

>>> my_dog = Dog('willie',6)
>>> my_dog.sit()
Willie is now sitting.
>>> my_dog.roll_over()
Willie rolled over!
>>> 

9.2 使用类和实例
你可以使用类来模拟现实世界中的很多情景。类编写好后，你的大部分时间都将花在使用根据类创建的实例上。你需要执行的一个重要任务是修改实例的属性。你可以直接修改实例的属性，也可以编写方法以特定的方式进行修改。
9.2.1 Car 类
下面来编写一个表示汽车的类，它存储了有关汽车的信息，还有一个汇总这些信息的方法：

>>> class Car():
...     def __init__(self, make, model, year):
...         self.make = make
...         self.model = model
...         self.year = year
...     def get_descriptive_name(self):
...         long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.name + ' ' + self.model
...         return long_name.title()
... 
>>> my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016)
>>> print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 7, in get_descriptive_name
AttributeError: 'Car' object has no attribute 'name'
>>> class Car():
...     def __init__(self, make, model, year):
...         self.make = make
...         self.model = model
...         self.year = year
...     def get_descriptive_name(self):
...         long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
...         return long_name.title()
... 
>>> my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016)
>>> print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
2016 Audi A4
>>> 

>>> class Car():
...     def __init__(self, make, model, year):
...         self.make = make
...         self.model = model
...         self.year = year
...         self.odometer_reading = 0
...     def get_descriptive_name(self):
...         pass
...     def read_odometer(self):
...         print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
... 
>>> my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', '2016')
>>> print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
None
>>> my_new_car.read_odometer()
This car has 0 miles on it.
>>> 

9.2.3 修改属性的值
可以以三种不同的方式修改属性的值：直接通过实例进行修改；通过方法进行设置；通过方法进行递增（增加特定的值）。下面依次介绍这些方法。
(1)直接修改属性的值要修改属性的值，最简单的方式是通过实例直接访问它。下面的代码直接将里程表读数设置为 23 ：

9.3 继承
(1)编写类时，并非总是要从空白开始。如果你要编写的类是另一个现成类的特殊版本，可使用继承 。一个类继承 另一个类时，它将自动获得另一个类的所有属性和方法；原有的类称为父类 ，而新类称为子类 。子类继承了其父类的所有属性和方法，同时还可以定义自己的属性和方法。
9.3.1 子类的方法 init()
(2)创建子类的实例时， Python 首先需要完成的任务是给父类的所有属性赋值。为此，子类的方法 init() 需要父类施以援手。
(3)例如，下面来模拟电动汽车。电动汽车是一种特殊的汽车，因此我们可以在前面创建的 Car 类的基础上创建新类 ElectricCar ，这样我们就只需为电动汽车特有的属性和行为编写代码。下面来创建一个简单的 ElectricCar 类版本，它具备 Car 类的所有功能：

>>> class Car():
...     def __init__(self, make, model, year):
...         self.make = make
...         self.model = model
...         self.year = year
...         self.odometer_reading = 0
...     def get_descriptive_name(self):
...         long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.name + ' ' + self.model
...         return long_name.title()
...     def read_odometer(self):
...         print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
...     def update_odometer(self, mileage):
...         if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
...             self.odometer_reading = mileage
...         else:
...             print("You can't roll back an odometer!")
...     def increment_odometer(self,miles):
...         self.odometer_reading += miles
... 
>>> class ElectricCar(Car):
...     def __init__(self, make, model, year):
...         super().__init__(make, model, year)
... 
>>> my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016 )
>>> print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 8, in get_descriptive_name
AttributeError: 'ElectricCar' object has no attribute 'name'
>>> print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
KeyboardInterrupt
>>> class Car():
...     def __init__(self, make, model, year):
...         self.make = make
...         self.model = model
...         self.year = year
...         self.odometer_reading = 0
...     def get_descriptive_name(self):
...         long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
...         return long_name.title()
...     def read_odometer(self):
...         print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
...     def update_odometer(self, mileage):
...         if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
...             self.odometer_reading = mileage
...         else:
...             print("You can't roll back an odometer!")
...     def increment_odometer(self,miles):
...         self.odometer_reading += miles
... 
>>> class ElectricCar(Car):
...     def __init__(self, make, model, year):
...         super().__init__(make, model, year)
... 
>>> my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016 )
>>> print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
2016 Tesla Model S
>>> 

9.3.3 给子类定义属性和方法
让一个类继承另一个类后，可添加区分子类和父类所需的新属性和方法。
下面来添加一个电动汽车特有的属性（电瓶），以及一个描述该属性的方法。我们将存储电瓶容量，并编写一个打印电瓶描述的方法：

>>> class ElectricCar(Car):
...     def __init__(self, make, model, year):
...         super().__init__(make, model, year)
...         self.battery_size = 70
...     def describe_battery(self):
...         print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")
... 
>>> my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016)
>>> print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
2016 Tesla Model S
>>> my_tesla.describe_battery()
This car has a 70-kWh battery.
>>> 

>>> class Battery():
...     def __init__(self, battery_size=70):
...         self.battery_size =battery_size
...     def describe_battery(self):
...         print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")
... 
>>> class ElectricCar(Car):
...     def __init__(self, make, model, year):
...         super().__init__(make, model, year)
...         self.battery = Battery()
... 
>>> my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016)
>>> print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
2016 Tesla Model S
>>> my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
This car has a 70-kWh battery.
>>> 

>>> class Battery():
...     def __init__(self, battery_size = 70):
...         self.battery_size = battery_size
...     def describe_battery(self):
...         print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")
...     def get_range(self):
...         if self.battery_size = 70:
  File "<stdin>", line 7
    if self.battery_size = 70:
                         ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> class Battery():
...     def __init__(self, battery_size=70):
...         self.battery_size = battery_size
...     def describe_battery(self):
...         print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")
...     def get_range(self):
...         if self.battery_size == 70:
...             range = 240
...         elif self.battery_size ==85:
...             range = 270
...         message = "This car can go approximately " + str(range)
...         message += " miles on a full charge."
...         print(message)
... 
>>> my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016)
>>> print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
2016 Tesla Model S
>>> my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
This car has a 70-kWh battery.
>>> my_tesla.battery.get_range()
This car can go approximately 240 miles on a full charge.
>>> 

9.4 导入类
随着你不断地给类添加功能，文件可能变得很长，即便你妥善地使用了继承亦如此。为遵循 Python 的总体理念，应让文件尽可能整洁。为在这方面提供帮助， Python 允许你将类存储在模块中，然后在主程序中导入所需的模块。
9.4.1 导入单个类
下面来创建一个只包含 Car 类的模块。这让我们面临一个微妙的命名问题：在本章中，已经有一个名为 car.py 的文件，但这个模块也应命名为 car.py ，因为它包含表示汽车的代码。我们将这样解决这个命名问题：将 Car 类存储在一个名为 car.py 的模块中，该模块将覆盖前面使用的文件 car.py 。从现在开始，使用该模块的程序都必须使用更具体的文件名，如 my_car.py 。下面是模块 car.py ，其中只包含 Car 类的代码：

>>> from car import car
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: cannot import name 'car' from 'car' (/home/yhm/Downloads/car.py)
>>> from car import Car
>>> my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016)
>>> print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
2016 Audi A4
>>> my_new_car.odometer_reading=23
>>> my_new_car.read_odometer()
This car has 23 miles on it.
>>> 

9.4.2 在一个模块中存储多个类
虽然同一个模块中的类之间应存在某种相关性，但可根据需要在一个模块中存储任意数量的类。类 Battery 和 ElectricCar 都可帮助模拟汽车，因此下面将它们都加入模块car.py 中：

>>> from car import ElecreicCar
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: cannot import name 'ElecreicCar' from 'car' (/home/yhm/Downloads/car.py)
>>> 

没看懂标黄的那句话

>>> import car
>>> my_beetle = car.Car('volkswagen', 'beetle', 2016)
>>> print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())
2016 Volkswagen Beetle
>>> my_tesla = car.ElectricCar('tesla', 'roadster', 2016)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: module 'car' has no attribute 'ElectricCar'
>>> 

>>> from car import Car
>>> from electric_car import ElectricCar
>>> my_beetle = Car('volkswagen','beetle', 2016)
>>> print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())
2016 Volkswagen Beetle
>>> my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla','roadster',2016)
>>> print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
2016 Tesla Roadster
>>> 

>>> from collections import OrderedDict
>>> favorite_languages = OderedDict()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'OderedDict' is not defined
>>> favorite_languages = OrderedDict()
>>> favorite_languages['jen'] = 'python'
>>> favorite_languages['sarah'] = 'c'
>>> favorite_languages['edward'] = 'ruby'
>>> favorite_languages['phil'] = 'python'
>>> for name, language in favorite_languages.items():
...     print(name.title() + "'s favorite language is " +
...         language.title() + ".")
... 
Jen's favorite language is Python.
Sarah's favorite language is C.
Edward's favorite language is Ruby.
Phil's favorite language is Python.
>>> 

>>> with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
...     contents = file_object.read()
...     print(contents)
... 
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279

>>> with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
...     contents = file_object.read()
...     print(contents.rstrip())
... 
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
>>> 

>>> import json
>>> numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
>>> filename = 'number.json'
>>> filename = 'numbers.json'
>>> with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
...     json.dump(numbers, f_obj)
... 
>>> 

>>> with open(filename) as f_obj:
...     numbers = json.load(f_obj)
... 
>>> print(numbers)
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
>>> 

>>> username = input("What is your name?")
What is your name?Eric
>>> filename = 'username.json'
>>> with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
...     json.dump(username, f_obj)
...     print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
... 
We'll remember you when you come back, Eric!
>>> with open(filename) as f_obj:
...     username = json.load(f_obj)
...     print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")
... 
Welcome back, Eric!
>>> try:
...     with open(filename) as f_obj:
...         username = json.load(f_obj)
... except FileNotFoundError:
...     username = input("What is your name? ")
...     with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
...         json.dump(username, f_obj)
...         print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
... else:
...     print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")
... 
Welcome back, Eric!
>>>