第 5 章 序 列 ： 字 符 串 、 列 表 和 文 件
文本在程序中由字符串数据类型表示。你可以将字符串视为一个字符序列。在第 2 章中你已了解到，通过用引号将一些字符括起来形成字符串字面量。Python 还允许字符串由单引号（撇号）分隔。它们没有区别，但用时一定要配对。字符串也可以保存在变量中，像其他数据一样
>>> greet = "Hello Bob"
>>> greet[0]
'H'
>>> print(greet[0])
H
>>>
索引和切片是将字符串切成更小片段的有用操作。字符串数据类型还支持将字符串放在一起的操作。连接（+）和重复（*）是两个方便的运算符。连接通过将两个字符串“粘合”在一起来构建字符串；重复通过字符串与多个自身连接，来构建字符串。另一个有用的函数是 len，它告诉你字符串中有多少个字符。最后，由于字符串是字符序列，因此可以使用 Python 的 for 循环遍历这些字符。
1 # username.py
2 # Simple string processing program to generate usernames.
3
4 def main():
5 print("This program generates computer usernames.\n")
6
7 #get user's first and last names
8 first = input("Please enter your first name (all lowercase): ")
9 last = input("Please enter your last name (all lowercase): ")
10
11 #concatenate first initial with 7 chars of the last name.
12 uname = first[0] + last[:7]
13
14 #output the username
15 print("Your username is:", uname)
16
17 main()
1 #month.py
2 #A program to print the abbreviation of a month, given its number
3 def main():
4 #months is used as a lookup table
5 months = "JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec"
6
7 n = int(input("Enter a month number (1-12): "))
8
9 #compute starting position of month n in months
10 pos = (n-1) * 3
11
12 #Grab the appropriate slice from months
13 monthAbbrev = months[pos:pos+3]
14
15 #print the result
16 print("The month abbreviation is", monthAbbrev + ".")
17
18 main()
1 # month2.py
2 # A program to print the month abbreviation, given its number.
3
4 def main():
5 # months is a list used as a lookup table
6 months = ["Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
7 "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"]
8 n = int(input("Enter a month number (1-12): "))
9 print("The month abbreviation is", months[n-1] + ".")
10
11 main()
字符串不可变，但列表可以变。
>>> ord("a")
97
>>> ord("A")
65
>>> ord(97)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: ord() expected string of length 1, but int found
>>> chr(97)
'a'
>>> chr(90)
'Z'
>>>
>>> coords = input("Enter the point coordinates (x,y): ").split(",")
Enter the point coordinates (x,y): 3.4, 6.25
>>> coords
['3.4', ' 6.25']
1 # A program to convert a textual message into a sequence of
2 # numbers, utilizing the underlying Unicode encoding.
3
4 def main():
5 print("This program converts a textual message into a sequence")
6 print("of numbers representing the Unicode encoding of the message.\n")
7
8 #Get the message to ecode
9 message = input("Please enter the message to encode: ")
10
11 print("\nHere are the Unicode codes:")
12
13 # Loop through the message and print out the Unicode values
14 for ch in message:
15 print(ord(ch), end=" ")
16
17 print() # blank line before prompt
18
19 main()
1 # A program to convert a sequence of Unicode numbers into
2 # a string of text.
3
4 def main():
5 print("This program converts a sequence of Unicode numbers into")
6 print("the string of text that it represents.\n ")
7
8 #Get the message to encode
9 inString = input("Please enter the Unicode-encode message: ")
10 message = " "
11
12 # Loop through each substring and build Unicode message
13 message = " "
14 for numStr in inString.split():
15 codeNum = int(numStr) # convert digits to a number
16 message = message + chr(codeNum) # concatentate character to message
17 print("\nThe decoded message is:", message)
18
19 main()
This program converts a sequence of Unicode numbers into
the string of text that it represents.
Please enter the Unicode-encode message: 83 116 114 105 110 103 115 32 97 114 101 32 70 117 110 33
The decoded message is: S
The decoded message is: St
The decoded message is: Str
The decoded message is: Stri
The decoded message is: Strin
The decoded message is: String
The decoded message is: Strings
The decoded message is: Strings
The decoded message is: Strings a
The decoded message is: Strings ar
The decoded message is: Strings are
The decoded message is: Strings are
The decoded message is: Strings are F
The decoded message is: Strings are Fu
The decoded message is: Strings are Fun
The decoded message is: Strings are Fun!
避免不断重复复制消息的一种方法是使用列表。消息可以作为字符列表来累积，其中每个新字符附加到已有列表的末尾。记住，列表是可变的，所以在列表的末尾添加将“当场”改变列表，而不必将已有内容复制到一个新的对象中 ① 。一旦我们累积了列表中的所有字符，就可以用 join 操作将这些字符一下子连接成一个字符串。①实际上，如果 Python 没有空间放置新的项，列表确实需要在幕后重新复制，但这是罕见的情况。
>>> "Hello {0} {1}, you may have won ${2}".format("Mr.", "Smith", 10000)
'Hello Mr. Smith, you may have won $10000'
>>> "This int, {0:5}, was placed in a field of width 5".format(7)
'This int, 7, was placed in a field of width 5'
>>> "This int, {0:10}, was placed in a field of width 10".format(7)
'This int, 7, was placed in a field of width 10'
>>> "This float, {0:10.5}, has width 10 and precision 5".format(3.1415926)
'This float, 3.1416, has width 10 and precision 5'
>>> "This float, {0:10.5f}, is fixed at 5 decimal places".format(3.1415926)
'This float, 3.14159, is fixed at 5 decimal places'
>>> "This float, {0:0.5}, has width 0 and precision 5".format(3.1415926)
'This float, 3.1416, has width 0 and precision 5'
>>> "Compare {0} and {0:0.20}".format(3.14)
'Compare 3.14 and 3.1400000000000001243'
>>>
>>> "left justification: {0:<5}".format("Hi!")
'left justification: Hi! '
>>> "right justification: {0:>5}".format("Hi!")
'right justification: Hi!'
>>> "centered: {0:^5}".format("Hi!")
'centered: Hi! '
>>>
1 # change2.py
2 # A program to calculate the value of some change in dollars
3 # This version represents the total cash in cents.
4
5 def main():
6 print("Change Counter\n")
7 print("Please enter the count of each coin type.")
8 quarters = int(input("Quarters: "))
9 dimes = int(input("Dimes: "))
10 nickels = int(input("Nickels: "))
11 pennies = int(input("Pennies: "))
12
13 total = quarters * 25 + dimes * 10 + nickels * 5 + pennies
14
15 print("The total value of your change is ${0}.{1:0>2}"
16 .format(total//100, total%100))
17 main()
~
1 # userfile.py
2 # program to create a file of usernames in batch mode.
3
4 def main():
5 print("This program creates a file of usernames from a")
6 print("file of names.")
7
8 # get the file names
9 infileName = input("What file are the names in? ")
10 outfileName = input("What file should the usernames go in? ")
11
12 # open the files
13 infile = open(infileName, "r")
14 outfile = open(outfileName, "w")
15
16 # process each line of the input file
17 for line in infile:
18 # get the first and last names from line
19 first, last = line.split()
20 # create the username
21 uname = (first[0]+last[:7]).lower()
22 # write it to the output file
23 print(uname, file=outfile)
24
25 # close both files
26 infile.close()
27 outfile.close()
28
29 print("Usernames have been written to", outfileName)
30
31 main()
>>> s1 = "spam"
>>> s2 = "ni!"
>>> "The Knights who say, " + s2
'The Knights who say, ni!'
>>> 3 * s1 + 2 * s2
'spamspamspamni!ni!'
>>> s1[1]
'p'
>>> s1[1:3]
'pa'
>>> s1[2] + s2[:2]
'ani'
>>> s1 + s2[-1]
'spam!'
>>> s1.upper()
'SPAM'
>>> s2.upper().ljust(4) * 3
'NI! NI! NI! '
>>> for ch in "aardvark":
... print(ch)
...
a
a
r
d
v
a
r
k
>>> for w in "Now is the winter of our discontent...".split():
... print(w)
...
Now
is
the
winter
of
our
discontent...
>>> for w in "Mississippi".split("i"):
... print(w, end=" ")
...
M ss ss pp >>> msg = ""
>>> for ch in "secret":
... msg = msg + chr(ord(ch)+1)
...
>>> print(ms)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'ms' is not defined
>>> print(msg)
tfdsfu
>>>
>>> "Looks like {1} and {0} for breakfast".format("eggs","spam")
'Looks like spam and eggs for breakfast'
>>> "There is {0} {1} {2} {3}".format(1, "spam", 4, "you")
'There is 1 spam 4 you'
>>> "Hello {0}".format("Susan", "Computewell")
'Hello Susan'
>>> "{0:0.2f} {0:0.2f}".format(2.3, 2.3468)
'2.30 2.30'
>>> "{7.5f} {7.5f}".format(2.3, 2.3468)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: Replacement index 7 out of range for positional args tuple
>>> "Time left {0:02}:{1:05.2f}".format(1, 37.374)
'Time left 01:37.37'
>>> "{1:3}".format("14")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: Replacement index 1 out of range for positional args tuple
>>>
547
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
