【动手学习pytorch笔记】7.pytorch深度学习的基本操作

神经网络基本操作

层和块

import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import functional as F

net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(20, 256), nn.ReLU(), nn.Linear(256, 10))

X = torch.rand(2, 20)
net(X)

nn.Sequential定义了一个特殊的Module

tensor([[ 0.1161, -0.1570,  0.0382,  0.1133,  0.0828, -0.1615,  0.2370, -0.1944,-0.2155, -0.0010],
        [-0.0329, -0.1095,  0.1069,  0.1126, -0.0931, -0.2036,  0.2056, -0.1133,-0.1490, -0.0717]], grad_fn=<AddmmBackward0>)

自定义块

class MLP(nn.Module):
    # 用模型参数声明层。这里，我们声明两个全连接的层
    def __init__(self):
        # 调用MLP的父类Module的构造函数来执行必要的初始化。
        # 这样，在类实例化时也可以指定其他函数参数，例如模型参数params（稍后将介绍）
        super().__init__()
        self.hidden = nn.Linear(20, 256)  # 隐藏层
        self.out = nn.Linear(256, 10)  # 输出层

    # 定义模型的前向传播，即如何根据输入X返回所需的模型输出
    def forward(self, X):
        # 注意，这里我们使用ReLU的函数版本，其在nn.functional模块中定义。
        return self.out(F.relu(self.hidden(X)))

继承自nn.Module

net = MLP()
net(X)

tensor([[-0.1477, -0.0113, -0.3262, -0.3437, -0.1782,  0.0064,  0.1695, -0.0377,-0.1234, -0.1726],
        [-0.1396, -0.0354, -0.2221, -0.2403, -0.2171, -0.0176,  0.1111, -0.0583,-0.1728, -0.2700]], grad_fn=<AddmmBackward0>)

顺序块

我们自己定义一个和Sequential差不多的类

class MySequential(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, *args):
        super().__init__()
        for idx, module in enumerate(args):
            # 这里，module是Module子类的一个实例。我们把它保存在'Module'类的成员
            # 变量_modules中。module的类型是OrderedDict
            self._modules[str(idx)] = module

    def forward(self, X):
        # OrderedDict保证了按照成员添加的顺序遍历它们
        for block in self._modules.values():
            X = block(X)
        return X

也是继承自nn.Module

enumerate(args)：返回下标和数组对象

net = MySequential(nn.Linear(20, 256), nn.ReLU(), nn.Linear(256, 10))
net(X)

tensor([[ 0.1401, -0.4604,  0.1438, -0.1163, -0.0369,  0.0700,  0.1357, -0.0974,0.0121, -0.1449],
        [ 0.1717, -0.4772,  0.0640, -0.0728, -0.0654,  0.1146,  0.1494, -0.0043,-0.1300, -0.0491]], grad_fn=<AddmmBackward0>)

在前向传播函数中执行代码

class FixedHiddenMLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        # 不计算梯度的随机权重参数。因此其在训练期间保持不变
        self.rand_weight = torch.rand((20, 20), requires_grad=False)
        self.linear = nn.Linear(20, 20)

    def forward(self, X):
        X = self.linear(X)
        # 使用创建的常量参数以及relu和mm函数
        X = F.relu(torch.mm(X, self.rand_weight) + 1)
        # 复用全连接层。这相当于两个全连接层共享参数
        X = self.linear(X)
        # 控制流
        while X.abs().sum() > 1:
            X /= 2
        return X.sum()

net = FixedHiddenMLP()
net(X)

tensor(0.1599, grad_fn=<SumBackward0>)

我们甚至可以套娃

class NestMLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(20, 64), nn.ReLU(),
                                 nn.Linear(64, 32), nn.ReLU())
        self.linear = nn.Linear(32, 16)

    def forward(self, X):
        return self.linear(self.net(X))

chimera = nn.Sequential(NestMLP(), nn.Linear(16, 20), FixedHiddenMLP())
chimera(X)

tensor(-0.2037, grad_fn=<SumBackward0>)

参数管理

import torch
from torch import nn

net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(4, 8), nn.ReLU(), nn.Linear(8, 1))
X = torch.rand(size=(2, 4))
net(X)

tensor([[0.2372],
        [0.4121]], grad_fn=<AddmmBackward0>)

参数访问

print(net[2].state_dict())

state_dict()：用来查看参数

OrderedDict([('weight', tensor([[ 0.2317,  0.3447,  0.2471, -0.2507, -0.0154, -0.0791,  0.1523, -0.1643]])), ('bias', tensor([0.2571]))])

print(type(net[2].bias))
print(net[2].bias)
print(net[2].bias.data)

<class 'torch.nn.parameter.Parameter'>
Parameter containing:
tensor([0.2571], requires_grad=True)
tensor([0.2571])

net[2].bias包含两个属性：1.data 2.是否参与梯度下降

net[2].weight.grad == None

True

print(*[(name, param.shape) for name, param in net[0].named_parameters()])
print(*[(name, param.shape) for name, param in net.named_parameters()])

查看net[0]中的参数

查看整个net中的参数

('weight', torch.Size([8, 4])) ('bias', torch.Size([8]))
('0.weight', torch.Size([8, 4])) ('0.bias', torch.Size([8])) ('2.weight', torch.Size([1, 8])) ('2.bias', torch.Size([1]))

另一种访问参数的方式

net.state_dict()['2.bias'].data

tensor([0.2571])

获取套娃net中的参数

定义两个块

def block1():
    return nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(4, 8), nn.ReLU(),
                         nn.Linear(8, 4), nn.ReLU())

def block2():
    net = nn.Sequential()
    for i in range(4):
        # 在这里嵌套
        net.add_module(f'block {i}', block1())
    return net

rgnet = nn.Sequential(block2(), nn.Linear(4, 1))
rgnet(X)

add_module和nn.Sequential()把层直接放在Sequential里的区别是add_module能添加一个字符串给block起个名字

tensor([[0.3181],
        [0.3181]], grad_fn=<AddmmBackward0>)

看块的详情

print(rgnet)

Sequential(
  (0): Sequential(
    (block 0): Sequential(
      (0): Linear(in_features=4, out_features=8, bias=True)
      (1): ReLU()
      (2): Linear(in_features=8, out_features=4, bias=True)
      (3): ReLU()
    )
    (block 1): Sequential(
      (0): Linear(in_features=4, out_features=8, bias=True)
      (1): ReLU()
      (2): Linear(in_features=8, out_features=4, bias=True)
      (3): ReLU()
    )
    (block 2): Sequential(
      (0): Linear(in_features=4, out_features=8, bias=True)
      (1): ReLU()
      (2): Linear(in_features=8, out_features=4, bias=True)
      (3): ReLU()
    )
    (block 3): Sequential(
      (0): Linear(in_features=4, out_features=8, bias=True)
      (1): ReLU()
      (2): Linear(in_features=8, out_features=4, bias=True)
      (3): ReLU()
    )
  )
  (1): Linear(in_features=4, out_features=1, bias=True)
)

看参数

rgnet[0][1][0].bias.data

tensor([ 0.4537, -0.0671, -0.2635, -0.3841, -0.4680, -0.0306,  0.3772, -0.3542])

参数初始化

def init_normal(m):
    if type(m) == nn.Linear:
        nn.init.normal_(m.weight, mean=0, std=0.01)
        nn.init.zeros_(m.bias)
net.apply(init_normal)
net[0].weight.data[0], net[0].bias.data[0]

net.apply对每一层应用初始化方法

normal_以“_”结尾的方法：将参数m.weight替换没有返回值

(tensor([ 0.0094, -0.0039, -0.0045,  0.0260]), tensor(0.))

def init_constant(m):
    if type(m) == nn.Linear:
        nn.init.constant_(m.weight, 1)
        nn.init.zeros_(m.bias)
net.apply(init_constant)
net[0].weight.data[0], net[0].bias.data[0]

(tensor([1., 1., 1., 1.]), tensor(0.))

def xavier(m):
    if type(m) == nn.Linear:
        nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight)
def init_42(m):
    if type(m) == nn.Linear:
        nn.init.constant_(m.weight, 42)

net[0].apply(xavier)
net[2].apply(init_42)
print(net[0].weight.data[0])
print(net[2].weight.data)

xavier使输入和输出保持同样的均值和方差

tensor([-0.1767, -0.0299, -0.1269,  0.6998])
tensor([[42., 42., 42., 42., 42., 42., 42., 42.]])

自定义初始化

def my_init(m):
    if type(m) == nn.Linear:
        print("Init", *[(name, param.shape)
                        for name, param in m.named_parameters()][0])
        nn.init.uniform_(m.weight, -10, 10)
        m.weight.data *= m.weight.data.abs() >= 5

net.apply(my_init)
net[0].weight[:2]

Init weight torch.Size([8, 4])
Init weight torch.Size([1, 8])



tensor([[ 0.0000, -0.0000,  7.7878, -7.3791],
        [-0.0000,  6.9575, -7.4805, -0.0000]], grad_fn=<SliceBackward0>)

我们也可以直接设置参数

net[0].weight.data[:] += 1
net[0].weight.data[0, 0] = 42
net[0].weight.data[0]

tensor([42.0000,  1.0000,  8.7878, -6.3791])

参数绑定

# 我们需要给共享层一个名称，以便可以引用它的参数
shared = nn.Linear(8, 8)
net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(4, 8), nn.ReLU(),
                    shared, nn.ReLU(),
                    shared, nn.ReLU(),
                    nn.Linear(8, 1))
net(X)
# 检查参数是否相同
print(net[2].weight.data[0] == net[4].weight.data[0])
net[2].weight.data[0, 0] = 100
# 确保它们实际上是同一个对象，而不只是有相同的值
print(net[2].weight.data[0] == net[4].weight.data[0])

tensor([True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True])
tensor([True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True])

个人理解shared相当于全局变量

自定义层

其实和自定义块差不多

不带参数的层

import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch import nn


class CenteredLayer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

    def forward(self, X):
        return X - X.mean()

同样继承自nn.Module

layer = CenteredLayer()
layer(torch.FloatTensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))

tensor([-2., -1.,  0.,  1.,  2.])

net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(8, 128), CenteredLayer())

Y = net(torch.rand(4, 8))
Y.mean()

tensor(-2.7940e-09, grad_fn=<MeanBackward0>)

带参数的层

class MyLinear(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_units, units):
        super().__init__()
        self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(in_units, units))
        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(units,))
    def forward(self, X):
        linear = torch.matmul(X, self.weight.data) + self.bias.data
        return F.relu(linear)

linear = MyLinear(5, 3)
linear.weight

层中的参数weight，bias都是nn.Parameter的实例，这里说的参数和标题说的参数不是一个参数，标题说的是in_units, units

Parameter containing:
tensor([[-0.7678,  0.7135, -0.2640],
        [ 0.3996,  0.0243,  0.8946],
        [-0.0224, -1.2642, -1.3209],
        [ 2.2299,  0.1600, -0.0154],
        [-0.3228, -0.8990,  0.3771]], requires_grad=True)

linear(torch.rand(2, 5))

tensor([[0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000],
        [0.0315, 0.0000, 0.0000]])

net = nn.Sequential(MyLinear(64, 8), MyLinear(8, 1))
net(torch.rand(2, 64))

tensor([[11.8317],
        [12.3625]])

读写文件

加载和保存张量

import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import functional as F

x = torch.arange(4)
torch.save(x, 'x-file')

x2 = torch.load('x-file')
x2

tensor([0, 1, 2, 3])

也可以保存一个List

y = torch.zeros(4)
torch.save([x, y],'x-files')
x2, y2 = torch.load('x-files')
(x2, y2)

(tensor([0, 1, 2, 3]), tensor([0., 0., 0., 0.]))

也可以保存一个字典

mydict = {'x': x, 'y': y}
torch.save(mydict, 'mydict')
mydict2 = torch.load('mydict')
mydict2

{'x': tensor([0, 1, 2, 3]), 'y': tensor([0., 0., 0., 0.])}

加载和保存模型参数

class MLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.hidden = nn.Linear(20, 256)
        self.output = nn.Linear(256, 10)

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.output(F.relu(self.hidden(x)))

net = MLP()
X = torch.randn(size=(2, 20))
Y = net(X)

torch.save(net.state_dict(), 'mlp.params')

clone = MLP()
clone.load_state_dict(torch.load('mlp.params'))
clone.eval()

MLP(
  (hidden): Linear(in_features=20, out_features=256, bias=True)
  (output): Linear(in_features=256, out_features=10, bias=True)
)

Y_clone = clone(X)
Y_clone == Y

tensor([[True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True],
        [True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True]])