符号
设
T
=
{
t
:
t
∈
T
}
T=\{t: t \in T\}
T={t:t∈T} 为任意指标集,
{
(
Ω
t
,
F
t
)
:
t
∈
T
}
\left\{\left(\Omega_{t}, \mathscr{F}_{t}\right): t \in T\right\}
{(Ωt,Ft):t∈T} 为一族可测空间,
Ω
=
∏
t
∈
T
Ω
t
,
F
=
∏
t
∈
T
F
t
\Omega=\underset{t \in T}{\prod} \Omega_{t}, \quad \mathscr{F}=\underset{t \in T}{\prod}{\mathcal{F}}_{t}
Ω=t∈T∏Ωt,F=t∈T∏Ft
又
T
1
⊂
T
T_{1} \subset T
T1⊂T 为
T
T
T 的任一子集, 记
Ω
T
1
=
∏
t
∈
T
1
Ω
t
,
F
T
1
=
∏
t
∈
T
1
F
t
\Omega_{T_{1}}=\underset{t \in T_{1}}{\prod} \Omega_{t}, \quad \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}}=\underset{t \in T_{1}}{\prod} \mathscr{F}_{t}
ΩT1=t∈T1∏Ωt,FT1=t∈T1∏Ft
也可记
Ω
=
Ω
T
,
F
=
F
T
.
\Omega=\Omega_{T}, \mathscr{F}=\mathscr{F}_{T} .
Ω=ΩT,F=FT.
对
A
∈
F
T
1
A \in \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}}
A∈FT1
B
1
=
{
(
ω
t
,
t
∈
T
)
∈
Ω
T
:
(
ω
α
,
α
∈
T
1
)
∈
A
}
B_{1}=\left\{\left(\omega_{t}, t \in T\right) \in \Omega_{T}:\left(\omega_{\alpha}, \alpha \in T_{1}\right) \in A\right\}
B1={(ωt,t∈T)∈ΩT:(ωα,α∈T1)∈A}
称
B
1
B_{1}
B1 为
Ω
\Omega
Ω 中以
A
A
A 为基底的柱集.
对
T
1
⊂
T
2
⊂
T
,
T_{1} \subset T_{2} \subset T,
T1⊂T2⊂T,
B
2
=
{
(
ω
t
,
t
∈
T
2
)
∈
Ω
T
2
:
(
ω
α
,
α
∈
T
1
)
∈
A
}
B_{2}=\left\{\left(\omega_{t}, t \in T_{2}\right) \in \Omega_{T_{2}}:\left(\omega_{\alpha}, \alpha \in T_{1}\right) \in A\right\}
B2={(ωt,t∈T2)∈ΩT2:(ωα,α∈T1)∈A}
称 B 2 B_{2} B2 为 Ω T 2 \Omega_{T_{2}} ΩT2 中以 A A A 为基底的柱集。
以 F ‾ T 1 \overline{\mathscr{F}}_{T_{1}} FT1 和 F ‾ T 1 T 2 \overline{\mathscr{F}}_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}} FT1T2 分别表示 F T 1 \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}} FT1中所有基底在 Ω \Omega Ω和 Ω T 2 \Omega_{T_{2}} ΩT2 中的柱集全体.
设
C
\mathscr{C}
C 表示
Ω
\Omega
Ω 中基底为有限维可测矩形的柱集全体,
A
=
⋃
T
1
⊂
T
F
‾
T
1
\mathscr{A}=\bigcup_{T_{1} \subset T} \overline{\mathscr{F}}_{T_{1}}
A=T1⊂T⋃FT1
表示
Ω
\Omega
Ω 中有限维可测基底的柱集全体, 则由1.3的结果可知,
C
⊂
A
,
\mathscr{C} \subset \mathscr{A},
C⊂A, 且
A
\mathscr{A}
A 为域,
σ
(
C
)
=
σ
(
A
)
=
F
\sigma(\mathscr{C})=\sigma(\mathscr{A})=\mathscr{F}
σ(C)=σ(A)=F
若
T
1
⊂
T
2
⊂
T
,
T_{1} \subset T_{2} \subset T,
T1⊂T2⊂T, 规定
Ω
T
2
\Omega_{T_{2}}
ΩT2 到
Ω
T
1
\Omega_{T_{1}}
ΩT1 的映照
π
T
1
T
2
\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}
πT1T2 如下:
π
T
1
T
2
{
ω
t
:
t
∈
T
2
}
=
{
ω
t
:
t
∈
T
1
}
\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\left\{\omega_{t}: t \in T_{2}\right\}=\left\{\omega_{t}: t \in T_{1}\right\}
πT1T2{ωt:t∈T2}={ωt:t∈T1}
则
π
T
1
T
2
\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}
πT1T2 是
Ω
T
2
\Omega_{T_{2}}
ΩT2 到
Ω
T
1
\Omega_{T_{1}}
ΩT1 的投影.
对
A
∈
F
T
1
,
A \in \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}},
A∈FT1, 由于
(
π
T
1
T
2
)
−
1
A
=
A
×
Ω
T
2
\
T
1
\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)^{-1} A=A \times \Omega_{T_{2} \backslash T_{1}}
(πT1T2)−1A=A×ΩT2\T1
因此
π
T
1
T
2
\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}
πT1T2 是
(
Ω
T
2
,
F
T
2
)
\left(\Omega_{T_{2}}, \mathscr{F}_{T_{2}}\right)
(ΩT2,FT2) 到
(
Ω
T
1
,
F
T
1
)
\left(\Omega_{T_{1}}, \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}}\right)
(ΩT1,FT1) 的可测映照, 且
(
π
T
1
T
2
)
−
1
F
T
1
=
F
‾
T
1
T
2
\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)^{-1} \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}}=\overline{\mathscr{F}}_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}
(πT1T2)−1FT1=FT1T2
(证明:把
F
‾
T
1
T
2
\overline{\mathscr{F}}_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}
FT1T2的元素写出来就可以了)
若
P
T
2
P_{T_{2}}
PT2 为
(
Ω
T
2
,
F
T
2
)
\left(\Omega_{T_{2}}, \mathscr{F}_{T_{2}}\right)
(ΩT2,FT2) 上的概率, 则
P
T
2
(
π
T
1
T
2
)
−
1
P_{T_{2}}\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)^{-1}
PT2(πT1T2)−1 为
(
Ω
T
1
,
F
T
1
)
\left(\Omega_{T_{1}}, \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}}\right)
(ΩT1,FT1) 上的概率.
(证明:
P
T
2
(
π
T
1
T
2
)
−
1
(
Ω
T
1
)
=
P
T
2
Ω
T
2
=
1
P_{T_{2}}\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)^{-1}(\Omega_{T_{1}})=P_{T_{2}}\Omega_{T_{2}}=1
PT2(πT1T2)−1(ΩT1)=PT2ΩT2=1)
反之,对
B
∈
F
‾
T
1
T
2
B \in \overline{\mathscr{F}}_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}
B∈FT1T2 必存在完全确定的
A
=
π
T
1
T
2
(
B
)
∈
F
T
1
,
A=\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}(B) \in \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}},
A=πT1T2(B)∈FT1, 使
B
=
(
π
T
1
T
2
)
−
1
A
.
B=\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)^{-1} A .
B=(πT1T2)−1A. 所以,
对
(
Ω
T
1
,
F
T
1
)
\left(\Omega_{T_{1}}, \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}}\right)
(ΩT1,FT1) 上的概率
P
T
1
,
P_{T_{1}},
PT1, 由
Q
(
B
)
=
Q
(
(
π
T
1
T
2
)
−
1
(
A
)
)
=
P
(
A
)
Q(B)=Q\left(\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)^{-1}(A)\right)=P(A)
Q(B)=Q((πT1T2)−1(A))=P(A)
亦可完全确定地在
(
Ω
T
2
,
F
‾
T
1
T
2
)
\left(\Omega_{T_{2}}, \overline{\mathscr{F}}_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)
(ΩT2,FT1T2) 上规定一个概率
Q
.
Q .
Q. 特别地, 由
P
T
1
P_{T_{1}}
PT1 可在
(
Ω
,
F
‾
T
1
)
\left(\Omega, \overline{\mathcal{F}}_{T_{1}}\right)
(Ω,FT1)
上规定一个概率.
命题 2.5.3
设对
T
T
T 的有限子集
T
1
=
{
t
1
,
⋯
,
t
n
}
⊂
T
,
T_{1}=\left\{t_{1}, \cdots, t_{n}\right\} \subset T,
T1={t1,⋯,tn}⊂T, 以
P
T
1
P_{T_{1}}
PT1 表示
(
Ω
T
1
,
F
T
1
)
\left(\Omega_{T_{1}}, \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}}\right)
(ΩT1,FT1)
上的概率测度, 则:
对测度族
{
P
T
1
,
\left\{P_{T_{1}},\right.
{PT1, 有限
T
1
⊂
T
}
,
\left.T_{1} \subset T\right\},
T1⊂T}, 在
(
Ω
,
F
)
(\Omega, \mathscr{F})
(Ω,F) 上存在非负有限可加集函数
P
,
P,
P, 对每个有限
T
1
⊂
T
T_{1} \subset T\quad
T1⊂T满足
P
(
π
T
1
T
)
−
1
=
P
T
1
P\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T}\right)^{-1}=P_{T_{1}}\quad
P(πT1T)−1=PT1
的充要条件是
{
P
T
1
,
T
1
⊂
T
}
\left\{P_{T_{1}}, T_{1} \subset T\right\}
{PT1,T1⊂T} 满足下列相容性条件:对
T
T
T 任意有限子集
T
1
,
T
2
T_{1}, T_{2}
T1,T2,
T
1
⊂
T
2
,
T_{1} \subset T_{2},
T1⊂T2, 有
P
T
2
(
π
T
1
T
2
)
−
1
=
P
T
1
P_{T_{2}}\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)^{-1}=P_{T_{1}}
PT2(πT1T2)−1=PT1
证明:
⇒
\Rightarrow
⇒ 由于
π
T
1
T
2
∘
π
T
2
T
,
\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}} \circ \pi_{T_{2}}^{T},
πT1T2∘πT2T, 故对
A
∈
F
T
1
,
A \in \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}},
A∈FT1,
(
π
T
1
T
)
−
1
A
=
(
π
T
2
T
)
−
1
(
π
T
1
T
2
)
−
1
A
\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T}\right)^{-1} A=\left(\pi_{T_{2}}^{T}\right)^{-1}\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)^{-1} A
(πT1T)−1A=(πT2T)−1(πT1T2)−1A
因此, 若存在
P
P
P 满足相容性, 必有
P
T
1
(
A
)
=
P
(
(
π
T
1
T
)
−
1
A
)
=
P
(
(
π
T
2
T
)
−
1
(
π
T
1
T
2
)
−
1
A
)
=
P
T
2
(
(
π
T
1
T
2
)
−
1
A
)
P_{T_{1}}(A)=P\left(\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T}\right)^{-1} A\right)=P\left(\left(\pi_{T_{2}}^{T}\right)^{-1}\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)^{-1} A\right)=P_{T_{2}}\left(\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\right)^{-1} A\right)
PT1(A)=P((πT1T)−1A)=P((πT2T)−1(πT1T2)−1A)=PT2((πT1T2)−1A)
所以
⇒
\Rightarrow
⇒方向成立。
⇐
\Leftarrow\quad
⇐首先找到测度
P
P
P。考虑
B
∈
A
B \in \mathscr{A}
B∈A:
B
=
A
1
×
Ω
T
−
T
1
=
A
2
×
Ω
T
−
T
2
,
A
1
∈
F
T
1
,
A
2
∈
F
T
2
B=A_{1} \times \Omega_{T-T_{1}}=A_{2} \times \Omega_{T-T_{2}}, \quad A_{1} \in \mathscr{F}_{T_{1}}, A_{2} \in \mathscr{F}_{T_{2}}
B=A1×ΩT−T1=A2×ΩT−T2,A1∈FT1,A2∈FT2
其中
T
1
,
T
2
T_{1}, T_{2}
T1,T2 都是
T
T
T 的有限子集,则可取
S
=
T
1
∪
T
2
S=T_{1} \cup T_{2}
S=T1∪T2,将
B
B
B 记为
(
(
π
T
1
S
)
−
1
A
1
)
×
Ω
T
−
S
=
A
1
×
Ω
T
−
T
1
=
B
=
A
2
×
Ω
T
−
T
2
=
(
(
π
T
2
S
)
−
1
A
2
)
×
Ω
T
−
S
\left(\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{S}\right)^{-1} A_{1}\right) \times \Omega_{T-S}=A_{1} \times \Omega_{T-T_{1}}=B=A_{2} \times \Omega_{T-T_{2}}=\left(\left(\pi_{T_{2}}^{S}\right)^{-1} A_{2}\right) \times \Omega_{T-S}
((πT1S)−1A1)×ΩT−S=A1×ΩT−T1=B=A2×ΩT−T2=((πT2S)−1A2)×ΩT−S
因此
(
π
T
1
S
)
−
1
A
1
=
(
π
T
2
S
)
−
1
A
2
,
\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{S}\right)^{-1} A_{1}=\left(\pi_{T_{2}}^{S}\right)^{-1} A_{2},
(πT1S)−1A1=(πT2S)−1A2, 由
(
2.5.15
)
(2.5 .15)
(2.5.15) 式,
P
T
1
(
A
1
)
=
P
S
(
(
π
T
1
S
)
−
1
A
1
)
=
P
S
(
(
π
T
2
S
)
−
1
A
2
)
=
P
T
2
(
A
2
)
P_{T_{1}}\left(A_{1}\right)=P_{S}\left(\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{S}\right)^{-1} A_{1}\right)=P_{S}\left(\left(\pi_{T_{2}}^{S}\right)^{-1} A_{2}\right)=P_{T_{2}}\left(A_{2}\right)
PT1(A1)=PS((πT1S)−1A1)=PS((πT2S)−1A2)=PT2(A2)
所以对有限维可测基底柱集
B
B
B, 虽然其基底不是唯一的, 但取其任一基底, 规定
P
(
B
)
=
P
T
1
(
A
1
)
P(B)=P_{T_{1}}\left(A_{1}\right)
P(B)=PT1(A1)
是
F
T
1
\mathscr{F}_{T_{1}}
FT1上的概率,因此也就是
F
‾
T
1
\overline{\mathscr{F}}_{T_{1}}
FT1 上的概率,再证明
A
\mathscr{A}
A上的有限可加性,注意这里
P
P
P还只是一个有限可加的集函数,不是测度。
定理 2.5.4
{
(
Ω
t
,
F
t
,
P
t
)
,
t
∈
T
}
\left\{\left(\Omega_{t}, \mathscr{F}_{t}, P_{t}\right), t \in T\right\}
{(Ωt,Ft,Pt),t∈T} 为一族概率空间, 则在乘积可测空间
(
Ω
T
,
F
T
)
\left(\Omega_{T}, \mathscr{F}_{T}\right)
(ΩT,FT) 上存在唯一概率测度
P
,
P,
P, 满足对每个有限
T
1
⊂
T
T_{1} \subset T
T1⊂T
P
(
π
T
1
T
)
−
1
=
∏
t
∈
T
1
P
t
P\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T}\right)^{-1}=\underset{t \in T_{1}}{\mathrm{\prod}} P_{t}
P(πT1T)−1=t∈T1∏Pt
注意,
∏
t
∈
T
1
P
t
\underset{t \in T_{1}}{\mathrm{\prod}} P_{t}
t∈T1∏Pt 是有限乘积空间的测度,可以用于Fubini定理。
证明:所以若 P P P 存在,因为有限维可测矩形柱集全体 C \mathscr{C} C 是一个 π \pi π 类, σ ( C ) = F \sigma(\mathscr{C})=\mathscr{F} σ(C)=F ,又由 P ( π T 1 T ) − 1 = ∏ t ∈ T 1 P t P\left(\pi_{T_{1}}^{T}\right)^{-1}=\underset{t \in T_{1}}{\mathrm{\prod}} P_{t} P(πT1T)−1=t∈T1∏Pt 可以保证在有限维可测矩形柱集上的是唯一确定的,因此唯一性可以保证。
对有限 T 1 ⊂ T , T_{1} \subset T, T1⊂T, 取 P T 1 = ∏ t ∈ T 1 P t , P_{T_{1}}=\underset{t \in T_{1}}{\prod} P_{t}, PT1=t∈T1∏Pt, 则容易说明 { P T 1 , \left\{P_{T_{1}},\right. {PT1, 有限 T 1 ⊂ T } \left.T_{1} \subset T\right\} T1⊂T} 满足相容性条件,因此由命题 2.5.3可知,可规定 P P P使之在 A \mathscr{A} A 上为有限可加的,且 P ( Ω T ) = 1 P\left(\Omega_{T}\right)=1 P(ΩT)=1。因而还只需要证明 P P P 在 A \mathscr{A} A 上是 σ \sigma σ 可加的。
为此, 在下面将证明, 对
A
\mathscr{A}
A 中每个递减到
∅
\varnothing
∅ 的序列
{
A
n
}
\left\{A_{n}\right\}
{An} 都有
lim
n
→
∞
P
(
A
n
)
=
0
\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} P\left(A_{n}\right)=0
n→∞limP(An)=0
由于 A n A_{n} An 都是有限维柱集, 因此不妨设有 T T T 的可列子集 { t n , n ≥ 1 } \left\{t_{n}, n \geq 1\right\} {tn,n≥1} 使每个 A n A_{n} An 都是基底在 F t 1 ⋯ t n \mathscr{F}_{t_{1} \cdots t_{n}} Ft1⋯tn 的有限维柱集。(可数个可数集合的并是可数的,如果 A n A_{n} An 的基底不够则用 Ω t n \Omega_{t_{n}} Ωtn 代替)。
若
T
n
T_{n}
Tn 为
T
T
T 的有限子集, 记
Ω
T
n
=
∏
t
∈
T
n
Ω
t
,
P
T
n
=
∏
t
∈
T
n
P
t
\Omega_{T_{n}}=\underset{t \in T_{n}}{\prod} \Omega_{t}, \quad P_{T_{n}}=\underset{t \in T_{n}}{\prod} P_{t}
ΩTn=t∈Tn∏Ωt,PTn=t∈Tn∏Pt
又令
P
T
−
T
n
P_{T-T_{n}}
PT−Tn 为
Ω
T
−
T
n
\Omega_{T-T_{n}}
ΩT−Tn 上对有限维可测柱集规定的可加集函数, 它满足
P
T
−
T
n
(
π
u
1
⋯
u
n
T
−
T
n
)
−
1
=
∏
i
=
1
n
P
u
i
,
u
1
⋯
,
u
n
∈
T
−
T
n
P_{T-T_{n}}\left(\pi_{u_{1} \cdots u_{n}}^{T-T_{n}}\right)^{-1}=\prod_{i=1}^{n} P_{u_{i}}, \quad u_{1} \cdots, u_{n} \in T-T_{n}
PT−Tn(πu1⋯unT−Tn)−1=i=1∏nPui,u1⋯,un∈T−Tn
由 Fubini 定理,对有限维可测柱集 A = B × Ω T − T k , B ∈ F T k A=B \times \Omega_{T-T_{k}}, B \in \mathscr{F}_{T_{k}} A=B×ΩT−Tk,B∈FTk 若 T n = { t 1 , ⋯ , t n } ⊂ T k , A ( ω t 1 , ⋯ , ω t n ) T_{n}=\left\{t_{1}, \cdots, t_{n}\right\} \subset T_{k}, A\left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n}}\right) Tn={t1,⋯,tn}⊂Tk,A(ωt1,⋯,ωtn) 表示 A A A 的 ( ω t 1 , ⋯ , ω t n ) \left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n}}\right) (ωt1,⋯,ωtn) 截口。 A ( ω t 1 , ⋯ , ω t n ) A\left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n}}\right) A(ωt1,⋯,ωtn)表示 A A A 集合里固定 ( ω t 1 , ⋯ , ω t n ) \left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n}}\right) (ωt1,⋯,ωtn) 的那些元素。
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P_{T_{k}}=P_{T_{k}-T_{n}} \times P_{T_{n}}
PTk=PTk−Tn×PTn 都是有限维乘积空间上的测度,所以
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P_{T_{k}}(B)=\iint I_{B} \mathrm{d} P_{T_{k}-T_{n}} \mathrm{d} P_{T_{n}} \\ =\int P_{T_{k}-T_{n}}\left(B\left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n}}\right)\right) \mathrm{d} P_{T_{n}}
PTk(B)=∬IBdPTk−TndPTn=∫PTk−Tn(B(ωt1,⋯,ωtn))dPTn
由于
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\left(\pi_{T_{k}-T_{n}}^{T}\right)^{-1}B\left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n}}\right)=A\left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n}}\right)
(πTk−TnT)−1B(ωt1,⋯,ωtn)=A(ωt1,⋯,ωtn)
所以
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\begin{aligned} P(A) &=P\left(\left(\pi_{T_{k}}^{T}\right)^{-1} B\right)=P_{T_{k}}(B) & \\ &=\int P_{T-T_{n}}\left(A\left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n}}\right)\right) \mathrm{d} P_{T_{n}} \end{aligned}
P(A)=P((πTkT)−1B)=PTk(B)=∫PT−Tn(A(ωt1,⋯,ωtn))dPTn
下面用反证法来证明
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\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} P\left(A_{n}\right)=0
n→∞limP(An)=0
若对某递减序列 { A n } \left\{A_{n}\right\} {An} 不成立,则有某个 ε > 0 \varepsilon>0 ε>0 对每个 n n n 有 P ( A n ) ≥ ε P\left(A_{n}\right) \geq \varepsilon P(An)≥ε。
由于 A n A_{n} An 都是有限维柱集, 因此不妨设有 T T T 的可列子集 { t n , n ≥ 1 } \left\{t_{n}, n \geq 1\right\} {tn,n≥1} 使每个 A n A_{n} An 都是基底在 F t 1 ⋯ t n \mathscr{F}_{t_{1} \cdots t_{n}} Ft1⋯tn 的有限维柱集。(可数个可数集合的并是可数的,如果 A n A_{n} An 的基底不够则用 Ω t n \Omega_{t_{n}} Ωtn 代替)。
对于柱集列 { A n } \left\{A_{n}\right\} {An} 做简单调整后, 我们总可以选取参数列 { t 1 ⋯ t n } ⊂ T \left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n}\right\} \subset T {t1⋯tn}⊂T,设柱集 A n A_{n} An 的基底是 { t 1 ⋯ t n } \left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n}\right\} {t1⋯tn},由于 { A n } \left\{A_{n}\right\} {An} 是递减的,那么柱集 A n + 1 A_{n+1} An+1 的基底包含 { t 1 ⋯ t n } \left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n}\right\} {t1⋯tn}。由此我们可以得到一个递增的基底序列: { t 1 ⋯ t n } ⊂ { t 1 ⋯ t n , ⋯ t s } ⊂ ⋯ \left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n}\right\}\subset \left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n}, \cdots t_s\right\} \subset \cdots {t1⋯tn}⊂{t1⋯tn,⋯ts}⊂⋯。规定 { A n } \left\{A_{n}\right\} {An} 的基底都在 T T T 上,用这些有限的基底分别作用上去:
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B_{n}=\left\{\left(\omega_{t_{1}}\dots\omega_{t_{n_1 }}\right): P_{T-\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}\left(A_{n}\left(\omega_{t_{1}}\dots\omega_{t_{n_1}}\right)\right) \geq \varepsilon / 2\right\}
Bn={(ωt1…ωtn1):PT−{t1⋯tn1}(An(ωt1…ωtn1))≥ε/2}
代入上面Fubini定理得到的公式:
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\begin{aligned} \varepsilon \leq P(A_n) &=\int P_{T-\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}\left(A\left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n_1}}\right)\right) \mathrm{d} P_{\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}\\ &=\int_{B_{n}}P_{T-\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}\left(A\left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n_1}}\right)\right) \mathrm{d} P_{\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}+\int_{B_{n}^{c}} P_{T-\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}\left(A\left(\omega_{t_{1}}, \cdots, \omega_{t_{n_1}}\right)\right) \mathrm{d} P_{\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}} \\&\leq P_{\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}\left(B_{n}\right)+\varepsilon / 2 \end{aligned}
ε≤P(An)=∫PT−{t1⋯tn1}(A(ωt1,⋯,ωtn1))dP{t1⋯tn1}=∫BnPT−{t1⋯tn1}(A(ωt1,⋯,ωtn1))dP{t1⋯tn1}+∫BncPT−{t1⋯tn1}(A(ωt1,⋯,ωtn1))dP{t1⋯tn1}≤P{t1⋯tn1}(Bn)+ε/2
(把概率放大成1)
故
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P_{\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}\left(B_{n}\right) \geq \varepsilon / 2
P{t1⋯tn1}(Bn)≥ε/2。 又由于
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{Bn} 为
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F{t1⋯tn1} 中递减序列(
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An 递减),因而由
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\left(\Omega_{\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}, \mathscr{F}_{\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}\right)
(Ω{t1⋯tn1},F{t1⋯tn1}) 上的概率可知,必存在
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\bar{\omega}_{{\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}} \in \bigcap_{n} B_{n}
ωˉ{t1⋯tn1}∈⋂nBn 这时
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P_{T-{\left\{t_{1} \cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}}\left(A_{n}\left(\bar{\omega}_{t_{1}}\dots \bar{\omega}_{t_{n_1}}\right)\right) \geq \varepsilon / 2, \quad n \geq 1
PT−{t1⋯tn1}(An(ωˉt1…ωˉtn1))≥ε/2,n≥1
把刚才用于
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\Omega_{T}, A_{n}, \varepsilon
ΩT,An,ε 的论证, 现在用于
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\Omega_{T-\left\{t_{1}\cdots t_{n_1}\right\}}, A_{n}\left(\bar{\omega}_{t_{1}}\dots \bar{\omega}_{t_{n_1}}\right), \varepsilon / 2,
ΩT−{t1⋯tn1},An(ωˉt1…ωˉtn1),ε/2, 可得
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\bar{\omega}_{t_{n_1+1}\cdots t_{n_2}}
ωˉtn1+1⋯tn2 满足:
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P_{T-\left\{t_{1}\cdots t_{n_1}\cdots t_{n_2}\right\}}\left(A_{n}\left(\bar{\omega}_{t_{1}\cdots t_{n_1}}, \bar{\omega}_{t_{n_1+1}\cdots t_{n_2}}\right)\right) \geq \varepsilon / 4, \quad n \geq 1
PT−{t1⋯tn1⋯tn2}(An(ωˉt1⋯tn1,ωˉtn1+1⋯tn2))≥ε/4,n≥1
继续这一过程可得
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P_{T-T_j}\left(A_{n}\left(\hat{\omega}_{1}, \cdots, \hat{\omega}_{j}\right)\right) \geq \varepsilon / 2^{j}, \quad n \geq 1, \quad j \geq 1
PT−Tj(An(ω^1,⋯,ω^j))≥ε/2j,n≥1,j≥1
这里:
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T_j=\{t_1\cdots t_{n_1}\cdots t_{n_j}\}, \hat{\omega}_{j}=\bar{\omega}_{t_{n_{j-1}+1}\cdots t_{n_j}}
Tj={t1⋯tn1⋯tnj},ω^j=ωˉtnj−1+1⋯tnj
构造 ω ˉ = ( ω t , t ∈ T ) \bar{\omega}=\left(\omega_{t}, t \in T\right) ωˉ=(ωt,t∈T),如果 t ∉ T j , j ≥ 1 t \notin T_{j}, j \geq 1 t∈/Tj,j≥1,分量在 Ω t \Omega_{t} Ωt 任取,如果 t ∈ T j , ∃ j ≥ 1 t \in T_{j}, \exist j \geq 1 t∈Tj,∃j≥1,那么分量取 ω ^ j \hat{\omega}_j ω^j。
接着将证明
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ωˉ∈n=1⋂∞An
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P_{T-T_{1}}\left(A_{1}\left(\hat{\omega}_{1}\right)\right) \geq \varepsilon / 2
PT−T1(A1(ω^1))≥ε/2。故
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ωˉ∈A1。 同理
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PT−Tj(Aj(w^1,⋯,ω^j))≥ε/2j
故
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