Fundamental concepts about Optics

Book: Optics F2f From Fourier to Fresnel

A particularly useful solution of the wave equation is a wave with a particular wavelength λ. This is known as the harmonic wave solution and corresponds to the case of monochromatic light

A phasor is a unit vector in a fictional plane representing the phase of a wave, φ. The axes are directions in virtual space, not real space.
A phasor vector is only a graphical representation of phase and has nothing to do with the electric field (or polarization) vector
A convenient way to represent the phase of any wave at a particular position and time is using a phasor—a unit vector that rotates anticlockwise in a fictional plane with an angle φ relative to the positive horizontal axis

frequency—the number of waves passing a point in unit time
define a spatial frequency as the number of waves per unit length—or wave ‘density’.
spatial frequency is the number of waves per unit length in a particular direction
The density of wave fronts—number of wave crests per unit length—is know as the spatial frequency

For a harmonic wave—monochromatic light— the components of the wave vector (kx, ky, and kz) are the phase change per unit length in a particular direction (x, y, and z, respectively).
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Often in optics it is possible to consider only one component of the field. This is known as the scalar approximation

All light fields can be described in terms of a superposition of waves with either planar or curved wave fronts.

what is meant by a wave front. A wave front is a surface of constant phase.
The main distinction between plane and spherical (or cylindrical) waves is whether the wave fronts are planar or curved in the region of interest
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