2017年推出《Attention is All You Need》以来，transformers 已经成为自然语言处理(NLP)的最新技术。2021年，《An Image is Worth 16x16 Words》，成功地将transformers 用于计算机视觉任务。从那时起，许多基于transformers的计算机视觉体系结构被提出。
本文将深入探讨注意力层在计算机视觉环境中的工作原理。我们将讨论单头注意力和多头注意力。它包括注意力层的代码，以及基础数学的概念解释。
在NLP应用中，注意力通常被描述为句子中单词(标记)之间的关系。而在计算机视觉应用程序中，注意力关注图像中patches (标记)之间的关系。
有多种方法可以将图像分解为一系列标记。原始的ViT²将图像分割成小块，然后将小块平摊成标记。《token -to- token ViT》³开发了一种更复杂的从图像创建标记的方法。
点积注意力
《Attention is All You Need》中定义的点积(相当于乘法)注意力是目前我们最常见也是最简单的一种中注意力机制，他的代码实现非常简单：
classAttention(nn.Module):
def__init__(self,
dim: int,
chan: int,
num_heads: int=1,
qkv_bias: bool=False,
qk_scale: NoneFloat=None):
""" Attention Module
Args:
dim (int): input size of a single token
chan (int): resulting size of a single token (channels)
num_heads(int): number of attention heads in MSA
qkv_bias (bool): determines if the qkv layer learns an addative bias
qk_scale (NoneFloat): value to scale the queries and keys by;
if None, queries and keys are scaled by ``head_dim ** -0.5``
"""
super().__init__()
## Define Constants
self.num_heads=num_heads
self.chan=chan
self.head_dim=self.chan//self.num_heads
self.scale=qk_scaleorself.head_dim**-0.5
assertself.chan%self.num_heads==0, '"Chan" must be evenly divisible by "num_heads".'
## Define Layers
self.qkv=nn.Linear(dim, chan*3, bias=qkv_bias)
#### Each token gets projected from starting length (dim) to channel length (chan) 3 times (for each Q, K, V)
self.proj=nn.Linear(chan, chan)
defforward(self, x):
B, N, C=x.shape
## Dimensions: (batch, num_tokens, token_len)
## Calcuate QKVs
qkv=self.qkv(x).reshape(B, N, 3, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
#### Dimensions: (3, batch, heads, num_tokens, chan/num_heads = head_dim)
q, k, v=qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]
## Calculate Attention
attn= (q*self.scale) @k.transpose(-2, -1)
attn=attn.softmax(dim=-1)
#### Dimensions: (batch, heads, num_tokens, num_tokens)
## Attention Layer
x= (attn@v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, self.chan)
#### Dimensions: (batch, heads, num_tokens, chan)
## Projection Layers
x=self.proj(x)
## Skip Connection Layer
v=v.transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, self.chan)
x=v+x
#### Because the original x has different size with current x, use v to do skip connection
returnx单头注意力
对于单个注意力头，让我们逐步了解向前传递每一个patch，使用7 * 7=49作为起始patch大小（因为这是T2T-ViT模型中的起始标记大小）。通道数64这也是T2T-ViT的默认值。然后假设有100标记，并且使用批大小为13进行前向传播（选择这两个数值是为了不会与任何其他参数混淆）。
# Define an Input
token_len=7*7
channels=64
num_tokens=100
batch=13
x=torch.rand(batch, num_tokens, token_len)
B, N, C=x.shape
print('Input dimensions are\n\tbatchsize:', x.shape[0], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', x.shape[1], '\n\ttoken size:', x.shape[2])
# Define the Module
A=Attention(dim=token_len, chan=channels, num_heads=1, qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None)
A.eval();输入的维度是这样的：
Input dimensions are
batchsize: 13
number of tokens: 100
token size: 49
根据查询、键和值矩阵定义的。第一步是通过一个可学习的线性层来计算这些。qkv_bias项表示这些线性层是否有偏置项。这一步还将标记的长度从输入49更改为chan参数（64）。
qkv=A.qkv(x).reshape(B, N, 3, A.num_heads, A.head_dim).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
q, k, v=qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]
print('Dimensions for Queries are\n\tbatchsize:', q.shape[0], '\n\tattention heads:', q.shape[1], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', q.shape[2], '\n\tnew length of tokens:', q.shape[3])
print('See that the dimensions for queries, keys, and values are all the same:')
print('\tShape of Q:', q.shape, '\n\tShape of K:', k.shape, '\n\tShape of V:', v.shape)可以看到 查询、键和值的维度是相同的，13代表批次，1是我们的注意力头数，100是我们输入的标记长度（序列长度），64是我们的通道数。
Dimensions for Queries are
batchsize: 13
attention heads: 1
number of tokens: 100
new length of tokens: 64
See that the dimensions for queries, keys, and values are all the same:
Shape of Q: torch.Size([13, 1, 100, 64])
Shape of K: torch.Size([13, 1, 100, 64])
Shape of V: torch.Size([13, 1, 100, 64])
我们看看可注意力是如何计算的，它被定义为:
Q、K、V分别为查询、键和值;dₖ是键的维数，它等于键标记的长度，也等于键的长度。
第一步是计算:
然后是
最后
Q·K的矩阵乘法看起来是这样的
这些就是我们注意力的主要部分，代码是这样的
attn= (q*A.scale) @k.transpose(-2, -1)
print('Dimensions for Attn are\n\tbatchsize:', attn.shape[0], '\n\tattention heads:', attn.shape[1], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', attn.shape[2], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', attn.shape[3])Dimensions for Attn are
batchsize: 13
attention heads: 1
number of tokens: 100
number of tokens: 100
下一步就是计算A的softmax，这不会改变它的形状。
attn=attn.softmax(dim=-1)最后，我们计算出A·V=x:
x=attn@v
print('Dimensions for x are\n\tbatchsize:', x.shape[0], '\n\tattention heads:', x.shape[1], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', x.shape[2], '\n\tlength of tokens:', x.shape[3])就得到了我们最终的结果
Dimensions for x are
batchsize: 13
attention heads: 1
number of tokens: 100
length of tokens: 64
因为只有一个头，所以我们去掉头数 1
x = x.transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, A.chan)然后我们将x输入一个可学习的线性层，这个线性层不会改变它的形状。
x=A.proj(x)最后我们实现的跳过连接
orig_shape= (batch, num_tokens, token_len)
curr_shape= (x.shape[0], x.shape[1], x.shape[2])
v=v.transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, A.chan)
v_shape= (v.shape[0], v.shape[1], v.shape[2])
print('Original shape of input x:', orig_shape)
print('Current shape of x:', curr_shape)
print('Shape of V:', v_shape)
x=v+x
print('After skip connection, dimensions for x are\n\tbatchsize:', x.shape[0], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', x.shape[1], '\n\tlength of tokens:', x.shape[2])Original shape of input x: (13, 100, 49)
Current shape of x: (13, 100, 64)
Shape of V: (13, 100, 64)
After skip connection, dimensions for x are
batchsize: 13
number of tokens: 100
length of tokens: 64
多头注意力
我们可以扩展到多头注意。在计算机视觉中，这通常被称为多头自注意力(MSA)。我们不会详细介绍所有步骤，而是关注矩阵形状不同的地方。
对于多头的注意力，注意力头的数量必须可以整除以通道的数量，所以在这个例子中，我们将使用4个注意头。
# Define an Input
token_len=7*7
channels=64
num_tokens=100
batch=13
num_heads=4
x=torch.rand(batch, num_tokens, token_len)
B, N, C=x.shape
print('Input dimensions are\n\tbatchsize:', x.shape[0], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', x.shape[1], '\n\ttoken size:', x.shape[2])
# Define the Module
MSA=Attention(dim=token_len, chan=channels, num_heads=num_heads, qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None)
MSA.eval();
Input dimensions are
batchsize: 13
number of tokens: 100
token size: 49
计算查询、键和值的过程与单头的过程相同。但是可以看到标记的新长度是chan/num_heads。Q、K和V矩阵的总大小没有改变;它们的内容只是分布在头部维度上。你可以把它看作是将单个矩阵分割为多个:
我们将子矩阵表示为Qₕ对于查询头i。
qkv=MSA.qkv(x).reshape(B, N, 3, MSA.num_heads, MSA.head_dim).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
q, k, v=qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]
print('Head Dimension = chan / num_heads =', MSA.chan, '/', MSA.num_heads, '=', MSA.head_dim)
print('Dimensions for Queries are\n\tbatchsize:', q.shape[0], '\n\tattention heads:', q.shape[1], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', q.shape[2], '\n\tnew length of tokens:', q.shape[3])
print('See that the dimensions for queries, keys, and values are all the same:')
print('\tShape of Q:', q.shape, '\n\tShape of K:', k.shape, '\n\tShape of V:', v.shape)
Head Dimension = chan / num_heads = 64 / 4 = 16
Dimensions for Queries are
batchsize: 13
attention heads: 4
number of tokens: 100
new length of tokens: 16
See that the dimensions for queries, keys, and values are all the same:
Shape of Q: torch.Size([13, 4, 100, 16])
Shape of K: torch.Size([13, 4, 100, 16])
Shape of V: torch.Size([13, 4, 100, 16])
这里需要注意的是
我们需要除以头数。num_heads = 4个不同的Attn矩阵，看起来像:
attn= (q*MSA.scale) @k.transpose(-2, -1)
print('Dimensions for Attn are\n\tbatchsize:', attn.shape[0], '\n\tattention heads:', attn.shape[1], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', attn.shape[2], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', attn.shape[3]
Dimensions for Attn are
batchsize: 13
attention heads: 4
number of tokens: 100
number of tokens: 100
softmax 不会改变维度，我们略过，然后计算每一个头
这在多个注意头中是这样的:
attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)
x = attn @ v
print('Dimensions for x are\n\tbatchsize:', x.shape[0], '\n\tattention heads:', x.shape[1], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', x.shape[2], '\n\tlength of tokens:', x.shape[3]Dimensions for x are
batchsize: 13
attention heads: 4
number of tokens: 100
length of tokens: 16
最后需要维度重塑并把把所有的xₕ` s连接在一起。这是第一步的逆操作:
x=x.transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, MSA.chan)
print('Dimensions for x are\n\tbatchsize:', x.shape[0], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', x.shape[1], '\n\tlength of tokens:', x.shape[2])
Dimensions for x are
batchsize: 13
number of tokens: 100
length of tokens: 64
我们已经将所有头的输出连接在一起，注意力模块的其余部分保持不变。
x = MSA.proj(x)
print('Dimensions for x are\n\tbatchsize:', x.shape[0], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', x.shape[1], '\n\tlength of tokens:', x.shape[2])
orig_shape = (batch, num_tokens, token_len)
curr_shape = (x.shape[0], x.shape[1], x.shape[2])
v = v.transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, A.chan
v_shape = (v.shape[0], v.shape[1], v.shape[2])
print('Original shape of input x:', orig_shape)
print('Current shape of x:', curr_shape)
print('Shape of V:', v_shape)
x = v + x
print('After skip connection, dimensions for x are\n\tbatchsize:', x.shape[0], '\n\tnumber of tokens:', x.shape[1], '\n\tlength of tokens:', x.shape[2])
Dimensions for x are
batchsize: 13
number of tokens: 100
length of tokens: 64
Original shape of input x: (13, 100, 49)
Current shape of x: (13, 100, 64)
Shape of V: (13, 100, 64)
After skip connection, dimensions for x are
batchsize: 13
number of tokens: 100
length of tokens: 64
总结
在这篇文章中我们完成了ViT中注意力层。为了更详细的说明我们进行了手动的代码编写，如果要实际的应用，可以使用PyTorch中的torch.nn. multiheadeattention()，因为他的实现要快的多。
最后参考文章：
[1] Vaswani et al (2017). Attention Is All You Need.https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1706.03762
[2] Dosovitskiy et al (2020). An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale.https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2010.11929
[3] Yuan et al (2021). Tokens-to-Token ViT: Training Vision Transformers from Scratch on ImageNet. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2101.11986GitHub code: https://github.com/yitu-opensource/T2T-ViT
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