HM-3200: Tetramesh(四面体网格)

HM-3200: Tetramesh(四面体网格)

HyperMesh provides two methods for generating atetrahedral element mesh. The volume tetra mesher works directly with surface or solidgeometry to automatically generate a tetrahedral mesh without further interaction from you.Even with complex geometry, this method can often generate a high quality tetra mesh quicklyand easily.（（HyperMesh提供了两种生成四面体单元网格的方法。体积四面体网格直接与表面或固体几何自动生成四面体网格，无需从您进一步的交互。即使是复杂的几何图形，这种方法也能快速、简便地生成高质量的四边形网格。
）

The standard tetra mesher requires a surface mesh of tria or quad elements as input, andthen provides you with a number of options to control the resulting tetrahedral mesh.This offers a great deal of control over the tetrahedral mesh, and provides the means togenerate a tetrahedral mesh for even the most complex models.

You can use the Tetramesh panel to fill an enclosed volume with first or second ordertetrahedral elements. A region is considered enclosed if it is entirely bounded by ashell mesh (tria or quad elements), where each element has material on one side and openspace on the other.

In this tutorial you will learn about:
1.Volume tetra mesher
2.Standard tetra mesher
3.Checking tetra element quality
4.Remeshing tetra elements

This exercise uses the housing.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the file from this directory to your workingdirectory.

Step 1. Open the Model File

In this step you will open and view the model file, housing.hm.

1. Start HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
3. In the Open Model dialog, open the housing.hm model file.
4. Observe the model using the different visual options available in HyperMesh (rotation, zooming, and so on). Only thegeometry in the component cover is currently displayed. The file contains twoparts defined by a volume of surfaces. The geometry has been cleaned such thatsurface connectivity is proper and surface edges that would cause sliverelements are suppressed.

Step 2. Create a Tetra Mesh Using Volume Tetra Mesher（使用Volume Tetra Mesher 创建一个Tetra网格）

In this step you will use the volume tetra mesher and equilateral triangles to createa tetra mesh for the cover.

1. Open the Tetramesh panel by clicking Mesh > Create > Tetra Mesh from the menu bar.

2. Go to the Volume tetra subpanel.

3. Set the Enclosed volume selector to surfs.

4. Select one of the surfaces in the model.

5. Verify that the 2D type is set to trias and the 3D type is set to tetras. These options control the type of elementsthat HyperMesh creates for the surface mesh andsolid mesh of the part.

6. Verify that the toggle is set to Elems to Currrent Comp.

7. Verify that the Use curvature and Use proximity checkboxes are clear.

8. In the Element size field, type 10.

9. Click mesh.
   The tetra mesh is created.

10. If the model’s mesh lines and elements are not shaded, click on the Visualizationtoolbar.

11. Inspect the mesh pattern that the volume tetra mesher created.

Step 3. Create a Tetra Mesh Using Right Triangles（使用直角三角形创建一个四面体网格）

In this step you will use the volume tetra mesher and right triangles to create atetra mesh for the cover.

You should still be in the Volume tetra subpanel.

1. Select one of the surfaces in the model.

2. Set the 2D type to R-trias.

3. Click mesh.
   The tetra mesh is created.

4. Inspect the mesh pattern that the volume tetra mesher created and compare it tothe first mesh that you created. （检查volume tetra mesher创建的网格模式，并将其与您创建的第一个网格进行比较。）

Note: The 2D type: R-trias setting tends to create tetra elements withtriangular faces that are right triangles (90-45-45 angles), while the 2Dtype: trias setting tends to create equilateral triangles (60-60-60angles).（2D类型:R-trias设置倾向于创建具有直角三角形(90-45-45角)的四边形元素，而2D类型:trias设置倾向于创建等边三角形(60-60-60角)。

Step 4. Create a Tetra Mesh Along Curved Surfaces（步骤4。沿着曲面创建一个四面体网格）

In this step you will use the volume tetra mesher to create a tetra mesh with moreelements along curved surfaces.（在这一步中，你将使用体积四面体网格创建一个四面体网格，沿着曲面有更多的元素。）

You should still be in the Volume tetra subpanel.

1. Select one of the surfaces in the model.

2. Select the Use curvature checkbox. （2. 选择使用曲率复选框）
   The option causes more elements to be created along areas of highsurface curvature. Thus, curved areas such as fillets will have more and smallerelements, which capture those features with higher resolution.（该选项导致更多的元素沿着高表面曲率的区域被创建。因此，像圆角这样的曲面区域将有更多更小的元素，以更高的分辨率捕获这些特征。）

3. In the Min elem size field, type 1.0.

4. Verify that the Feature angle is set to 30.

5. Click mesh.
   The tetra mesh is created.

6. Inspect the mesh pattern that the volume tetra mesher created and compare it tothe previous meshes you created. You can see that more small elements arecreated around the fillets.

Step 5. Use the Volume Tetra Mesher to Create a Tetra Mesh（第5步。使用体积四面体创建器来创建四面体网格）

this step you will use the volume tetra mesher to create a tetra mesh with moreelements around small features.（在这一步中，您将使用体积四边形网格来创建一个四边形网格，在小的特性周围有更多的元素。）

You should still be in the Volume tetra subpanel.

1. Select one of the surfaces in the model.

2. Select the Use proximity checkbox.
   This option causes the mesh to be refined in areas where surfaces aresmaller, which results in a nice transition from small elements on smallsurfaces to larger elements on larger, adjacent surfaces.（2. 选择“使用接近性”复选框。这个选项导致网格在表面较小的区域被细化，这导致了一个从小表面上的小元素到大的相邻表面上的大元素的很好的过渡）

3. Click mesh.
   The tetra mesh is created.

4. Inspect the mesh pattern that the volume tetra mesher created and compare it tothe previous meshes you created. You can see that more elements are createdaround the surfaces with small angles. （检查卷四边形网格创建的网格模式，并将其与之前创建的网格进行比较。你可以看到在小角度的表面周围产生了更多的元素。）

Step 6. Prepare the Display to Tetra Mesh

In this step you will prepare the display to tetra mesh the hub component using thestandard tetra mesher.
6. In the Model Browser, turn off the display of everycomponent’s geometry except for hub.
7. Turn off the display of every component’s elements except for hub and tetras.

Note: There are tria shell elements in the hub component and no elements in thetetras component.

3. Return to the main menu by clicking return.

Step 7. Review the Connectivity and Quality of the Mesh（步骤7。检查网格的连接性和质量）

In this optional step, you will review the connectivity and quality of the tria meshto validate its integrity for the standard tetra mesher.（在这个可选步骤中，您将检查tria网格的连接性和质量，以验证标准tetra网格的完整性。你将使用边缘和检查Elems面板，以确保没有自由边缘或非常小的角度在三角壳网格）
You will use the Edges and Check Elems panels to make sure that there are no freeedges or very small angles in the tria shell mesh.（你将使用边缘和检查Elems面板，以确保没有自由边缘或非常小的角度在三角壳网格）

1. Open the Edges panel by clicking Mesh > Check > Components > Edges from the menu bar.

2. Verify that the entity selector is set to comps.

3. Select a tria element on the hub component.
   The entire component highlights.

4. Click find edges.
   The status bar displays a message that reads, “No edges were found.Selected elements may enclose a volume.”
   Note: The tetra mesher requires a closedvolume of shell elements.

5. Return to the main menu by clicking return.

6. Open the Check Elements panel by clicking Mesh > Check > Elements > Check Elements from the menu bar.

7. Verify that you are in the 2-d subpanel. （验证您是否在2d子面板中。）

8. Identify the elements that have an aspect ratio greater than 5. Aspect ratio isthe ratio of the longest edge of an element to its shortest edge. This checkhelps you to identify sliver elements. All of the hub’s shell elements pass thecheck; all of the elements have an aspect ratio less than 5. （识别纵横比大于5的元素。纵横比是一个元素的最长边与最短边之比。这种检查可以帮助你识别条子元素。枢纽的所有外壳元素都通过了检查;所有元素的纵横比都小于5。）

9. Identify the tria elements that have an angle less than 20. This check helpsidentify sliver elements. All of the hub’s shell elements pass the check; allthe elements have angles greater than 20. The surface mesh is suitable forcreating a tetra mesh. （找出角小于20的三个元素。这种检查有助于识别条子元素。枢纽的所有外壳元素都通过了检查;所有元素的角度都大于20。该表面网格适用于创建四环素网格。）

10. Return to the main menu by clicking return.

Step 8. Use the Standard Tetra Mesher（使用标准Tetra Mesher）

In this step you will create a tetra mesh for the hub using the standard tetramesher.（在这一步中，您将使用标准的四元网格创建集线器的四元网格。确保你使用的是标准网格法而不是德劳内法。在此步骤中使用Delaunay方法将生成许多失败的元素。）
Make sure you are using the Standard mesh method rather thanthe Delaunay method. Using the Delaunay method in this step will generate many failedelements.

1. In the Model Browser, Component folder, right-click on tetras and select Make Currentfrom the context menu.
2. Open the Tetra Mesh panel.
3. Go to the Tetra mesh subpanel.
4. Verify that the Float trias/quads to tetra mesh entity selector is set tocomps.

Note: By using this entity selector, HyperMesh willswap the diagonal for any pair of surface trias, which will result in abetter tetra mesh quality. If you would rather keep the diagonal, see step8.6.

5. Select a shell element on the hub component.
   The entire component is highlighted.

6. Keep the diagonal as is by activating the Fixed Trias/quads to tetra meshentity selector and setting it to comps.

7. Click mesh.
   Tetrahedral elements are generated.

Step 9. Check Quality of Tetra Elements（第9步。检查四面体的质量）

In this step you will check the quality of the hub’s tetra elements.

1. In the Model Browser, only display the tetras component elements.
2. Open the Check Elements panel.
3. Go to the 3-d subpanel.
4. Identify the smallest element length among the displayed elements. If theminimum length is acceptable for a target element size of 5.0, then no furtheraction is necessary.
5. Identify the smallest angle (tria faces: min angle) among the displayedelements. If the minimum tria face angle is no less than 10°, then the meshquality should be acceptable. （在显示的元素中找出最小的角度(三角面:最小角度)。如果最小三角面角不小于10°，那么网格质量应该是可以接受的。）
6. Identify elements that have a tet collapse smaller than 0.3. The status barindicates that three elements have a tetra collapse smaller than 0.3. （6. 识别tet坍缩值小于0.3的元素。状态条表示有三个元素的四元塌缩值小于0.3。）

Note: The tet collapse criteria is a normalized volume check for tetrahedralelements. A value of 1 indicates a perfectly formed element with maximumpossible volume. A value of 0 indicates a completely collapsed element withno volume. （注意:tet坍塌标准是四面体元素的归一化体积检查。值为1表示具有最大可能体积的完美形式元素。值为0表示元素完全折叠，没有卷。
）

Step 10. Isolate the Element（第10步。隔离元素）

In this step you will isolate the element with the tetra collapse smaller than 0.2and find the elements surrounding it.
You should still be in the Check Elements panel.（在此步骤中，您将分离四环素坍缩值小于0.2的元素，并找到它周围的元素。您应该仍然在Check Elements面板中。）

1. With 0.3 still specified in the tet collapse< field, click tetcollapse. （1. 在tetcollapse <字段中仍然指定0.3时，单击tetcollapse。）
2. Click save failed.
   HyperMesh saves the elements that failed thetetra collapse check in the user mark.
   Note: You can retrieve the saved elementsthat failed the check from any panel by selecting retrieve in the extended selectionmenu.（HyperMesh将未通过四边形折叠检查的元素保存在用户标记中。

注意:通过在扩展选择菜单中选择retrieve，您可以从任何面板中检索检查失败的已保存元素。）

3. Return to the main menu by clicking return.

4. Open the Mask panel by pressing F5.

5. Set the entity selector to elems.

6. Click elems >> retrieve.
   HyperMesh retrieves the elements that weresaved in the Check Elements panel.

7. Click elems >> reverse.

8. Click mask.
   HyperMesh masks the elements and displaysthe three tetra element that failed the tetra collapse check.

9. Return to the main menu by clicking return.

10. On the Display toolbar, click .
    HyperMesh identifies and displays the layerof elements that are attached to the three displayed elements.

11. Click two more times.
    HyperMesh identifies and displays the layersof elements that are attached to the displayed elements.
    Note: You can duplicatethe functionality of unmask adjacent using the Find panel, find attachedsubpanel in the Tool page.

12. In the Model Browser, turn off the display of the hubelements that were unmasked.

Step 11. Remesh Tetra Elements（重新esh Tetra元素）

In this step you will remesh the hub’s displayed tetra elements to improve their tetra collapse.（在此步骤中，您将重新刷新中心显示的tetra元素，以改善其tetra折叠。）

1. Open the Tetra Mesh panel.

2. Go to the Tetra remesh subpanel.（2. 转到Tetra remesh子面板。）

3. Click 3D elements: elems >> displayed.

4. Click remesh.
   HyperMesh regenerates this area of themesh.

5. Return to the main menu by clicking return.

6. Open the Check Elements panel.

7. Find out if the tetra collapse has improved for the displayed elements byclicking tet collapse. The status bar indicates that theminimum tetra collapse is larger than the value reported before the tetraelements were remeshed. （7. 通过点击tet collapse查看所显示元素的tetra collapse是否得到了改进。状态栏表明最小四边形折叠比四边形重网格之前报告的值要大。）

8. Return to the main menu by clicking return.

Step 12. Save Your Work

In this optional step you will save your work.（在这个可选步骤中，您将保存您的工作。）

Optional: From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.

You have created a tetra mesh for both parts in the model using differenttetra meshing procedures. Either method can be used to mesh parts, dependingon the needs of the analysis. The tetra remesh function was used in thistutorial to show how to quickly fix the quality of tetra elements.（您已经为模型中的两个部分使用不同的四边形网格创建了四边形网格。根据分析的需要，两种方法都可用于零件的网格划分。本文使用了tetra remesh函数来演示如何快速修复tetra元素的质量。）