F开头的词根词缀,用ful来表示有,用ful来进一步表示填满。
附在名词上的构词元素(在现代英语中是动词词干),意思是 “充满、拥有、特征于”,也是 “包含的数量或体积” (, );从古英语 , , (adj.) 通过与前面的名词合并而成为后缀,但最初是一个单独的单词。与德语、古挪威语、丹麦语同源。大多数英语形容词在某个时候都有被动的(“full of x”)和主动的(“causing x;充满 x 的场合“)的感觉。
这在古英语和中古英语中很少见,在古英语中,它更常被放在单词的开头(例如,古英语的 “to violate”、“ to kill outright”、“ mature”;中古英语有 “attain (a state), realize (a truth)”、“ durability”、“ complete, perfect” 等)。
word-forming element attached to nouns (and in modern English to verb stems) and meaning “full of, having, characterized by,” also “amount or volume contained” (handful, bellyful); from Old English -full, -ful, which is full (adj.) become a suffix by being coalesced with a preceding noun, but originally a separate word. Cognate with German -voll, Old Norse -fullr, Danish -fuld. Most English -ful adjectives at one time or another had both passive (“full of x”) and active (“causing x; full of occasion for x”) senses.
It is rare in Old English and Middle English, where full was much more commonly attached at the head of a word (for example Old English fulbrecan “to violate,” fulslean “to kill outright,” fulripod “mature;” Middle English had ful-comen “attain (a state), realize (a truth),” ful-lasting “durability,” ful-thriven “complete, perfect,” etc.).
60.-ful
(1)表形容词,“有…的”
grateful a 感激的(grate感激)
rueful a 后悔的(rue悔恨)
willful a 任性的(will意志…任意办事)
tactful a 圆滑的(tact手腕,圆滑)
baneful a 有害的(bane祸害)
gleeful a 欢乐的(glee高兴)
hopeful a 有希望的(hope希望)
shameful a 可耻的(shame耻辱)
forgetful a 易忘的(forget忘记)
artful巧妙的;狡猾的(art+ful→充满诡计的)
respectful a 充满敬意的(respect+ful)
eventful a 变故多的(event+ful→事件多→多变故的)
insightful a 有洞察力的
cal=beautiful (美丽)
uber=fruitful (果实)
vengeful a 复仇心重(vengge+ful→充满惩罚的心的→复仇心重的)
revengeful a 仇恨心切的(revenge+ful)
doleful a 悲伤的(dole+ful充满…的)
grateful a 感谢的;愉快的(grate+ful多…的)
forceful a 有力的(force+ful)
(2)表名词,“满,量”
handful n 一把(a handful of salt 一把盐)
spoonful n 一勺的量(a spoonful of sugar 一 勺糖)
mouthful n 一口(a mouthful of food 一口食物)
boatful n 一船(a boatful of coal 一船煤)
armful n 一抱(an armful of books 一抱书)