这本书教你解决任何问题（简单又迅速！）

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-04 00:46:18 发布

Marvin_joker

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-04 00:46:18 发布

阅读量1.3k

点赞数 22

文章标签：创业创新前端后端个人开发

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Marvin_joker/article/details/141713862

版权

How To Solve Any Problem - YouTube[1]

介绍

这是一个关于George Pólya所著《How to Solve It》（如何解决问题）一书的介绍视频的文字记录。该书教导读者如何解决任何问题，提供了一个思考系统来帮助解决问题。

Pólya是一位著名的数学家，这本书最初出版于1945年。书中概述了解决问题的四个主要步骤：

理解问题
设计计划
执行计划
回顾检查

这本书不仅适用于数学问题，也可以应用于生活中的其他问题，尽管在现实生活中应用可能更复杂。

践行步骤

根据乔治·波利亚（George Pólya）的《如何解决问题》一书，整理出解决问题的四个主要步骤：

1. 理解问题

这是解决问题的基础。你需要完全理解问题的内容，包括已知和未知的信息。

有时候，理解问题本身就需要花费大量时间。

2. 设计计划

在这一步，你需要找出数据和未知之间的联系，可能需要考虑辅助问题。

这个步骤在数学中较为直接，但在现实生活中可能更复杂，因为人的反应不像数学那样可预测。

3. 执行计划

这一步强调行动的重要性。许多人善于制定计划，但不善于执行。

执行计划时，要克服决策困难，选择一个起点并开始行动。

实际操作有助于清晰思路。

4. 回顾检查

这一步在数学中尤其重要，但也适用于其他领域。

检查你的解决方案是否达到了预期目标，是否有改进的空间。

在现实生活中，这一步可能更复杂，因为结果往往取决于人的反应。

这个方法不仅适用于数学问题，也可以应用到生活中的各种问题上，尽管在现实生活中应用可能更复杂。

举个栗子

假设你正在准备一门重要的考试，但发现自己理解不了某个复杂的概念。

让我们用四步法来解决这个学习问题：

理解问题：

明确你不理解的具体概念，确定为什么觉得困难，以及你需要达到的理解程度。

这可能涉及回顾课程大纲、与老师交流等。

设计计划：

思考可能的学习策略。

例如，查找额外的学习资源、寻求同学或老师的帮助、尝试不同的学习方法（如视频教程、实践练习）等。

考虑哪些辅助知识点可能有助于理解这个概念。

执行计划：选择一种或多种方法并开始行动。

比如，观看相关的在线课程、与同学组织学习小组、进行实际操作等。

克服拖延的倾向，选择一个起点并坚持下去。

回顾检查：

通过做练习题或向他人解释概念来测试你的理解程度。

如果发现还有不清楚的地方，回到前面的步骤，调整你的学习方法。

虽然学习问题可能比单纯的数学问题更复杂，涉及认知和心理因素，但这个系统化的方法仍然可以帮助我们更有效地克服学习障碍。

中文

如何解决任何问题？

没错，这本书实际上会教你如何解决任何问题。

《如何解决问题》是一个思考系统，可以帮助你解决任何问题。

我相信这是一个较早的版本，而且可能是签名版。

这本书是由乔治·波利亚（George Pólya）所著。

乔治·波利亚是一位非常著名的数学家。

他对问题有非常巧妙的解决方案。

他非常聪明，非常出色，非常有名，而且这本书上有乔治·波利亚的签名。

很酷，对吧？

我是数学书籍的收藏家。

这是我拥有的这本书的一个版本。

我会在描述中留下这本书的链接，以便你想查看。

《如何解决问题：数学方法的新方面》，作者乔治·波利亚，普林斯顿大学出版社。

也很酷，对吧？

那么，他在这里谈到了如何解决问题。

首先，你必须理解问题。

没错，想想看。

无论你想做什么，第一步都是理解问题。

如果你在做数学问题，让我们就以数学为例，因为乔治·波利亚是一位数学家，这是一个很大的问题。

我记得我曾经花了可能四个小时，好吧，也许不是四个小时，可能是两个小时，来理解"fix snot and S"这个简单的陈述。

我不知道那是什么意思。

我在想，这是什么意思？

我当时在某个IRC频道上和一个人聊天，我不会提到他的名字。

我记得他是谁，是个很棒的人，数学很好。

他经常帮助我，他知道如何写证明之类的东西，所以这真的对我很有帮助。

两个小时，对，仅仅是为了理解问题，嗯，这是一个很大的步骤。

第二，找出数据和未知之间的联系。

如果找不到直接的联系，你可能需要考虑辅助问题。

你最终应该制定一个解决方案。

这对数学来说很好。

在现实世界中会稍微困难一些。

让我解释一下为什么。

在数学中，当你学习数学时，你会接触到很多数学领域，比如线性代数或抽象代数。

一切都是循序渐进的。很线性。

你有一些可以分支的地方，但在学习XYZ之前，你必须先了解ABC，这种情况很多。

所以它很深奥。

有些证明中包含一些棘手的东西。

嗯，这确实需要很多工作，对吧？

所以你习惯于在已有基础上继续构建。

在现实生活中，你并没有像在数学中那样受到训练。

在现实世界中，如果你在生活中遇到问题，可能是与重要他人的问题，可能是工作问题，与老师的问题，或与朋友的问题，任何类型的问题，对吧？

如果你能真正将其分解成辅助问题，那么你知道，如果你真的仔细思考，有时这真的会有帮助。

但制定解决方案更困难，因为人类不像数学。

他们的反应并不相同。

所以如果你的计划依赖于其他人的反应或类似的事情，它就变得更复杂了。

在数学中，一切都是黑白分明的，所以稍微容易一些。

第三步：执行你的计划。

是的，很多人是计划者，而不是行动者。

这是一个真实的情况，我知道我意识到这一点，我认为你也应该意识到。

例如，当你进行自学时，如果你试图学习数学，而你有一堆书，人们常见的一个问题是他们有学习计划，但不采取行动。

人们不采取行动的原因是因为他们无法做出决定。

所以如果你有30本书，你选择哪一本来学习？

好吧，你只需拿起一本就开始学习。

就选一本然后开始做题。

就在看完这个视频之后，做一道数学题。

会发生的是，一旦你做了一道题，它会清理你的头脑。

你会感觉，哇，我现在有些清晰了。

我已经使用了我的大脑。

这对你真的很好。

我认为这是一个好方法。

第四，检查获得的解决方案。

在数学中，这非常非常重要，特别是当你深入学习的时候。

实际上，直到我上研究生学习数学时才学到这一点。

检查获得的解决方案。

对于其他问题也是一样的，对吧？

结果是否是你想要的？

这主要是针对数学而言，但你也可以将其应用到生活中的事情上。

不过这有点难，因为生活中的很多事情都取决于人，而人的反应并不完美。

在数学中，某些东西要么是真的，要么是假的。

你有陈述，你可以通过它们来工作。

让我们看看这里说的是什么：理解问题。

所以这里说：未知数是什么？数据是什么？条件是什么？是否可能满足条件？

条件是否足以确定未知数？这里有很多问题。

制定计划：你以前见过吗？你知道相关的问题吗？

看看未知数。

这里有一个与你的问题相关且之前已解决的问题。

你能使用它吗？

这真的很深入，而且非常好。

这些都是数学中会出现的问题，这就是为什么Pólya这样做。

这简直太棒了。

执行计划：回顾，你能检查结果吗？你能检查论证吗？

这是一本非常原创的书，特别是对于当时来说。

它出版于，哇，由传奇的Pólya签名。

它出版于1948年。

嗯，这里实际上是1945年，所以这一定是第五次印刷。

这不是第一版。我可能负担不起第一版。书很贵。我有很多书。

人们说，"你在书上花了很多钱。"

确实如此，但我已经收集书籍15年了，所以我有很多书。

这里说什么？

看看序言，看看它说什么："一个伟大的发现解决了一个伟大的问题，但在任何问题的解决方案中都有一粒发现的种子。你的问题可能很普通，但如果它挑战了你的好奇心，调动了你的发明能力，如果你用自己的方法解决它，你可能会体验到紧张感并享受发现的胜利。"

没错。

因为你的问题可能很普通，他在这里很谦虚，因为Pólya是个天才。

这个人是个天才。

人们没有意识到这一点。

你应该在维基百科上读读他的事迹。

这很有趣。

我会尽量记得在描述中留下他的维基百科页面的链接。

你可以点击它，阅读关于Pólya的内容。

这家伙太棒了，是一个真正优秀的数学家。

这里我们有目录：帮助学生、问题、建议、心理操作、普遍性、评论。

这是一本书。

我们在开始时花了很多时间，但不仅仅是那样。

这基本上就是这个想法。

它给你提供例子和其他内容。

这是一本非常有趣的书。

人们总是说问题解决很重要，批判性思维，所有这些东西。

这是一本关于问题解决的书。

就是这样。

这不是一本数学书。

但同时，你知道，这本书是由一位数学家写的，一位非常著名的天才数学家。

我的意思是，这本书是由一个天才写的，对吧？

所以我认为那是，呃，我的意思是，他是因为写了这本书而成为天才的。

这是一本伟大的书，再次强调，对于那个时代，没有人真正写这样的书。

我可以想到其他一些那个时代的独特书籍。

比如Sylvanas Thompson的《微积分入门》。

那也是另一本像这样，哇，那是什么书？

那是另一个改变游戏规则的动作，非常令人难以置信的举动。

但对，是的，伟大的书。

我认为如果你在这内容中发现了任何价值，那就太好了。

如果愿意的话，可以订阅。

如果不愿意，也没关系。

我有课程；它们在我的网站Math Sourcerer上。

去看看吧。我有微积分、微分方程、代数，所有这些东西，三角学。

但对，是的，伟大的书。

我推荐它，嗯，是的，希望它对你有所帮助。

继续学习。

英文

How to solve any problem? That's right, this book will actually teach you how to solve any problem. "How to Solve It" is a system of thinking which can help you solve any problem. I believe this is an older edition, and I think it might be signed. This is written by George Pólya. George Pólya was a super famous mathematician. He had very clever solutions to problems. He was very smart, very brilliant, very famous, and it is signed by George Pólya. Really cool, right? So, I'm a collector of math books. This is a version of the book I have. I'll leave a link in the description to this book in case you want to check it out. "How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method" by George Pólya, Princeton University Press. Cool, right? And so, here he talks about it. How to solve it? First, you have to understand the problem. That's right, think about it. No matter what you're trying to do, your first step is to understand the problem. If you are doing a mathematics problem, let's just take mathematics, right? Because George Pólya was a mathematician, that is a huge deal. I remember spending maybe like four hours, okay, maybe not four hours, maybe two hours, on the simple statement "fix snot and S." I didn't know what that meant. I was like, what does that mean? I was on some IRC channel talking to this guy, and I won't mention his name. I remember who he was, great guy, really good at mathematics. He would help me all the time, and he knew how to write proofs and stuff, so that really helped me. And two hours, right? Just to understand the problem, that is a big step.

Second, find the connection between the data and the unknown. You may be obliged to consider auxiliary problems if an immediate connection cannot be found. You should eventually plan a solution. This is good for mathematics. It's a little bit harder in the real world. Let me explain why. In mathematics, the way you're trained when you learn mathematics is you have a lot of areas of math, like linear algebra or abstract algebra. Everything builds. It's very linear. You have some places where you can branch off, but before you learn XYZ, you have to know about ABC a lot of times. There's a lot of that. So it's pretty deep. Some of the proofs have some tricky things in them.

Um, it's a lot of work, right? So you get used to building on things. In real life, you're not trained like you are in mathematics. In the real world, if you have a problem in life, maybe it's with a significant other, maybe it's a job, a problem at work, a problem with your teacher, or problems with friends, any type of problem you have, right? If you can actually break it down into auxiliary problems, then you know that can really help sometimes if you really think it out. But it's harder to plan the solution because human beings are not like mathematics. Their reactions aren't the same. So if your plan depends on the reaction of other people or things like that, it becomes more complicated. In math, everything is black and white, so it's a little bit easier.

Step three: Carry out your plan. Yeah, so a lot of people are planners and they're not doers. This is a real thing and this is something that I know I'm aware of and I think you should be too. Whenever you're doing self-study, for example, if you're trying to learn mathematics and you have a bunch of books, one common issue that people have is that they have a plan for study but they don't take action. The reason people don't take action is because they can't make a decision. So if you have 30 books, which one do you pick to study with? Well, you just grab one and start studying. Just pick one and do it. Right after this video, just do a math problem. What's going to happen is once you do one problem, it's going to clear your head. You're going to feel like, wow, I have some clarity here. I've used my mind. It's really good for you. I think that is a good one.

Fourth, examine the solution obtained. In mathematics, this is very, very important, especially the further you go. Actually, I didn't learn this until I was in graduate school for mathematics. Examine the solution obtained. It's the same thing with other problems, right? Was the outcome what you wanted? This is mainly meant for mathematics, but you could apply this to things in life. It's a little bit harder though because a lot of things in life depend on people and people's reactions aren't perfect. In mathematics, something is true or false. You have statements and you can work through them.

Let's see what this says here: understanding the problem.

So here it says: What is the unknown? What are the data? What is the condition? Is it possible to satisfy the condition? Is the condition sufficient to determine the unknown? These are just a lot of questions there. Devising a plan: Have you seen it before? Do you know a related problem? Look at the unknown. Here is a problem related to yours and solved before. Could you use it? It’s really going deep here, and that’s really good. These are things that come up in mathematics, and that’s why Pólya does this. It’s just brilliant. Carrying out the plan: Looking back, can you check the result? Can you check the argument? This is a very original book, especially for its time. It was published, wow, signed by the legendary Pólya. It was published in 1948. Well, here it’s actually 1945, so this must be the fifth printing. This is not the first edition. I probably couldn’t afford the first. Books are expensive. I have a lot of books. People say, “You spend a lot of money on books.” I do, but I’ve been collecting books for 15 years, so I have a lot of books. What does this say? Look at the preface here, see what it says: “A great discovery solves a great problem, but there is a grain of discovery in the solution of any problem. Your problem may be modest, but if it challenges your curiosity and brings into play your inventive faculties, and if you solve it by your own means, you may experience the tension and enjoy the triumph of discovery.” That’s right. Because your problem may be modest, he’s being humble here because Pólya was a genius. The man was a genius. People don’t realize this. You should read about him on Wikipedia. It’s very interesting. I’ll try to remember to leave a link in the description to his Wikipedia page. You can click it and read about Pólya. The dude was amazing, a really good mathematician. Here we have the contents: helping the student, questions, recommendations, mental operations, generality, comments. It’s a book. We spent a lot of time there at the beginning, but it’s not just that. That’s pretty much the idea. It gives you examples and stuff. It’s a really interesting book. People always say problem-solving is important, critical thinking, all those things. This is a book on problem-solving. That’s what it is. It’s not a math book.

But at the same time, you know, it was written by a mathematician, a very famous genius mathematician. I mean, this was written by a genius, right? So I think that's, uh, and I mean, he was a genius for writing this book. This is a great book, and again, for the time, no one else was really writing books like this. I mean, I can think of other unique books from this era before. There's like "Calculus Made Easy" by Sylvanas Thompson. That's another like, you know, wow, what is that book? That's another like game changer, um, pretty incredible move. But yeah, great book. I think it's great if you found any value in this content. Feel free to hit subscribe if you want to. If not, that's okay too. I have courses; they're on my website, Math Sourcerer. Check them out. I have calculus, differential equations, algebra, all that stuff, trig. But yeah, great book. I recommend it, and um, yeah, hope it's been helpful. Keep learning math.