长为l的导热细杆,杆身侧面绝热,内部无热源。杆的一段绝热,杆的另一端与外界温度保持零度的介质自由热交换,杆的初始温度已知,求此有界杆上的温度分布。
解:设杆上各点的温度为
u
(
t
,
x
)
u(t,x)
u(t,x),则u满足定解问题
{
∂
u
∂
t
=
a
2
∂
2
u
∂
x
2
,
t
>
0
,
0
<
x
<
l
∂
u
∂
x
∣
x
=
0
=
0
,
(
∂
u
∂
x
+
γ
u
)
∣
x
=
1
=
0
u
∣
t
=
0
=
φ
(
x
)
(12)
\begin{cases} \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}=a^2\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x^2},\quad t>0,0<x<l \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}|_{x=0}=0, \quad (\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\gamma u)|_{x=1}=0 \\ u|_{t=0}=\varphi(x) \tag{12} \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧∂t∂u=a2∂x2∂2u,t>0,0<x<l∂x∂u∣x=0=0,(∂x∂u+γu)∣x=1=0u∣t=0=φ(x)(12)
其中,
γ
=
h
k
\gamma = \frac{h}{k}
γ=kh,k为杆身的热传导系数,h为杆端与外界的热交换系数。
设
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
T
(
t
)
X
(
x
)
u(t,x)=T(t)X(x)
u(t,x)=T(t)X(x),代入方程和边界条件,分离得固有值问题
{
X
′
′
(
x
)
+
λ
X
(
x
)
=
0
,
0
<
x
<
l
,
X
′
(
0
)
=
X
′
(
l
)
+
γ
X
(
l
)
=
0
\begin{cases} X''(x)+\lambda X(x)=0, \quad 0<x<l, \\ X'(0)=X'(l)+\gamma X(l)=0 \end{cases}
{X′′(x)+λX(x)=0,0<x<l,X′(0)=X′(l)+γX(l)=0
和常微分方程
T
′
(
t
)
+
a
2
λ
T
(
t
)
=
0
T'(t)+a^2\lambda T(t)=0
T′(t)+a2λT(t)=0
上述固有值问题中的方程时S-L型的,
k
(
x
)
≡
1
,
q
(
x
)
≡
0
,
ρ
(
x
)
≡
1
k(x)\equiv 1,q(x)\equiv 0,\rho(x)\equiv 1
k(x)≡1,q(x)≡0,ρ(x)≡1。两端
x
=
0
,
x
=
l
x=0,x=l
x=0,x=l均为方程的常点,分别配以第II、III类齐次边界条件。由S-L定理得,固有值
λ
>
0
\lambda>0
λ>0。
设
λ
=
ω
2
>
0
\lambda=\omega^2>0
λ=ω2>0,解得
X
(
x
)
=
A
c
o
s
ω
x
+
B
s
i
n
ω
x
X(x)=Acos\omega x+Bsin\omega x
X(x)=Acosωx+Bsinωx
代入
x
=
0
x=0
x=0端边界条件
X
′
(
0
)
=
B
ω
=
0
X'(0)=B\omega =0
X′(0)=Bω=0
有
B
=
0
B=0
B=0,代入
x
=
l
x=l
x=l端边界条件
X
′
(
l
)
+
γ
X
(
l
)
=
−
A
ω
s
i
n
ω
l
+
A
γ
c
o
s
ω
l
=
0
X'(l)+\gamma X(l)=-A\omega sin\omega l+A\gamma cos\omega l=0
X′(l)+γX(l)=−Aωsinωl+Aγcosωl=0
得
t
a
n
ω
l
=
γ
ω
tan\omega l=\frac{\gamma}{\omega}
tanωl=ωγ
由图可见,此超越方程有无穷多个正实根。记第n个正实根为
ω
n
\omega_n
ωn,则得固有值
λ
n
=
w
n
2
,
n
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
\lambda_n=w_n^2,\quad n=1,2,\cdots
λn=wn2,n=1,2,⋯
和相应的固有函数
X
n
(
x
)
=
c
o
s
ω
n
x
X_n(x)=cos\omega_nx
Xn(x)=cosωnx
此固有函数的模平方为
∣
∣
X
n
(
x
)
∣
∣
2
=
∫
0
l
c
o
s
2
ω
n
x
d
x
=
1
2
∫
0
l
(
1
+
c
o
s
2
ω
n
x
)
d
x
=
1
2
(
l
+
γ
ω
n
2
+
γ
2
)
||X_n(x)||^2=\int_0^lcos^2\omega_nxdx=\frac{1}{2}\int_0^l(1+cos2\omega_nx)dx =\frac{1}{2}(l+\frac{\gamma}{\omega_n^2+\gamma^2})
∣∣Xn(x)∣∣2=∫0lcos2ωnxdx=21∫0l(1+cos2ωnx)dx=21(l+ωn2+γ2γ)
由
T
(
t
)
T(t)
T(t)的方程,解得相应于
λ
n
=
ω
n
2
\lambda_n=\omega_n^2
λn=ωn2的
T
n
(
t
)
=
e
−
a
2
ω
n
2
t
T_n(t)=e^{-a^2\omega^2_nt}
Tn(t)=e−a2ωn2t
设
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
∑
n
=
1
+
∞
C
n
e
−
a
2
ω
n
2
t
c
o
s
ω
n
x
u(t,x)=\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}C_ne^{-a^2\omega_n^2t}cos\omega_nx
u(t,x)=∑n=1+∞Cne−a2ωn2tcosωnx代入(12)的初始条件
u
∣
t
=
0
=
∑
n
=
1
+
∞
C
n
c
o
s
w
n
x
=
φ
(
x
)
u|_{t=0}=\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}C_ncosw_nx=\varphi(x)
u∣t=0=n=1∑+∞Cncoswnx=φ(x)
这是
φ
(
x
)
\varphi(x)
φ(x)按固有函数系
{
c
o
s
ω
n
x
}
\{cos\omega_nx\}
{cosωnx}的展开式,由S-L定理中公式(11)得
C
n
=
1
∣
∣
X
n
(
x
)
∣
∣
2
∫
0
l
φ
(
x
)
c
o
s
ω
n
x
d
x
=
2
l
+
γ
w
n
2
+
γ
2
∫
0
l
φ
(
x
)
c
o
s
ω
n
x
d
x
C_n=\frac{1}{||X_n(x)||^2}\int_0^l\varphi(x)cos\omega_nxdx=\frac{2}{l+\frac{\gamma}{w_n^2+\gamma^2}}\int_0^l\varphi(x)cos\omega_nxdx
Cn=∣∣Xn(x)∣∣21∫0lφ(x)cosωnxdx=l+wn2+γ2γ2∫0lφ(x)cosωnxdx
最后得问题(12)式的形式解
u
(
t
,
x
)
=
∑
n
=
1
+
∞
[
1
2
(
l
+
γ
ω
n
2
+
γ
2
)
]
−
1
∫
0
l
φ
(
ξ
)
c
o
s
ω
n
ξ
d
ξ
e
−
a
2
w
n
2
t
c
o
s
w
n
x
u(t,x)=\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}[\frac{1}{2}(l+\frac{\gamma}{\omega_n^2+\gamma^2})]^{-1}\int_0^l\varphi(\xi)cos\omega_n\xi d\xi e^{-a^2wn^2t}cosw_nx
u(t,x)=n=1∑+∞[21(l+ωn2+γ2γ)]−1∫0lφ(ξ)cosωnξdξe−a2wn2tcoswnx