类和对象 目录:
一、封装
二、对象的初始化和清理
三、C++对象模型和this指针
四、友元
五、运算符重载
对于内置数据类型,编译器知道如何进行运算。但对于自定义数据类型,如两个对象,编译器无法运算。
运算符重载:对已有的运算符重新进行定义,赋予其另一种功能,以适应不同的数据类型。
1. 加号运算符重载
作用:实现两个自定义数据类型相加的运算
通过自己写成员函数,实现两个对象相加属性后返回新的对象:
Person PersonAddPerson(Person& p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = this->m_A + P.m_A;
temp.m_B = this->m_B + P.m_B;
return temp;
}
//调用
Person p3 = p1.PersonAddPerson(p2);
编译器给起了一个通用名称operator+
,通过成员函数重载+号,之后调用可以进行简化:
Person operator+ (Person& p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = this->m_A + P.m_A;
temp.m_B = this->m_B + P.m_B;
return temp;
}
//调用
Person p3 = p1 + p2;
也可以通过全局函数重载+号:
Person operator+ (Person& p1, Person& p2)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
return temp;
}
//调用
Person p3 = p1 + p2;//Person p3 = operator(p1, p2);
综合代码为:
class Person
{
public:
//通过成员函数重载+号
Person operator+(Person &p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
return temp;
}
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
void test01()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 10;
Person p2;
p2.m_A = 10;
p2.m_B = 10;
Person p3 = p1 + p2;
cout << "p3.m_A = " << p3.m_A << endl;
cout << "p3.m_B = " << p3.m_B << endl;
}
class Person
{
public:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
//通过全局函数重载+号
Person operator+(Person &p1, Person &p2)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
return temp;
}
//函数重载的版本
Person operator+(Person& p1, int num)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p1.m_A + num;
temp.m_B = p1.m_B + num;
return temp;
}
void test01()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 10;
Person p2;
p2.m_A = 10;
p2.m_B = 10;
Person p3 = p1 + p2;
Person p4 = p1 + 100;
cout << "p3.m_A = " << p3.m_A << endl;
cout << "p3.m_B = " << p3.m_B << endl;
cout << "p4.m_A = " << p4.m_A << endl;
cout << "p4.m_B = " << p4.m_B << endl;
}
运算符重载也可以发生函数重载!
PS. 对于内置的数据类型的表达式的运算符是不可能改变的,不要滥用运算符重载(比如operator+里头就让两个数相加,别采用其它的算法)。
2. 左移运算符重载
作用:可以输出自定义数据类型<<
不会利用成员函数重载<<运算符,因为无法实现cout在左侧。只能利用全局函数重载左移运算符!
class Person
{
public:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
ostream& operator<<(ostream & cout, Person & p)//此处cout可以叫任何名,因为是定义别名
{
cout << "m_A = " << p.m_A << " m_B = " << p.m_B;
return cout;
}
void test01()
{
Person p;
p.m_A = 10;
p.m_B = 10;
cout << p << endl;
}
当属性为私有时,可以采用友元来访问:
class Person
{
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& cout, Person& p);
public:
Person(int a, int b)
{
m_A = a;
m_B = b;
}
private:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
ostream& operator<<(ostream & cout, Person & p)
{
cout << "m_A = " << p.m_A << " m_B = " << p.m_B;
return cout;
}
void test01()
{
Person p(10, 10);
cout << p << endl;
}
3. 递增运算符重载
作用:通过重载递增运算符,实现自己的整型数据++
基础概念:
int a = 10;
cout << ++a << endl;//11
cout << a << endl;//11
int b = 10;
cout << b++ << endl;//10
cout << b << endl;//11
重载代码实现:
//自定义整型
class MyInteger
{
friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& cout, MyInteger myint);
public:
MyInteger()
{
m_Num = 0;
}
//重载前置++运算符
MyInteger& operator++()//返回引用,不返回值。这样可以对一个数据进行多次++
{
m_Num++;//先进行++运算
return *this;//再把自身返回
}
//重载后置++运算符(int代表占位参数,可以用于区分前置和后置递增)
MyInteger operator++(int)//返回值,不能返回引用!!!
{
MyInteger temp = *this;//先记录当前结果
m_Num++;//后递增
return temp;//最后将记录结果做返回
}
private:
int m_Num;
};
//重载左移运算符
ostream& operator<< (ostream& cout, MyInteger myint)
{
cout << myint.m_Num;
return cout;
}
void test01()
{
MyInteger myint;
cout << ++(++myint) << endl;//2
}
void test02()
{
MyInteger myint1;
cout << myint1++ << endl;//0
cout << myint1 << endl;//1
}
总结:
区分前置递增和后置递增!
4. 赋值运算符重载
C++编译器至少给一个类添加4个函数:
1、默认构造函数(无参,函数体为空)
2、默认析构函数(无参,函数体为空)
3、默认拷贝构造函数
4、赋值运算符operator=
,对属性进行值拷贝
如果类中有属性指向堆区,做赋值操作时也会出现深浅拷贝问题
内置运算符:
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
int c = 30;
c = b = a;
cout << "a = " << a << endl;//10
cout << "b = " << b << endl;//10
cout << "c = " << c << endl;//10
赋值运算符:
class Person
{
public:
Person(int age)
{
m_Age = new int(age);//堆区
}
~Person()
{
if (m_Age != NULL)
{
delete m_Age;
m_Age = NULL;
}
}
//重载赋值运算符
Person& operator=(Person &p)//返回引用
{
//编译器是提供浅拷贝,即m_Age = p.m_Age;
//应该先判断是否有属性在堆区,如果有先释放干净,再深拷贝
if (m_Age != NULL)
{
delete m_Age;
m_Age = NULL;
}
m_Age = new int(*p.m_Age);//深拷贝
return *this;//返回对象本身,这样可以做连续赋值操作
}
int *m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
Person p1(18);
Person p2(20);
p2 = p1;//赋值
cout << "p1的年龄为:" << *p1.m_Age << endl;
cout << "p2的年龄为:" << *p2.m_Age << endl;
Person p3(30);
p3 = p2 = p1;
}
5. 关系运算符重载
作用:重载关系运算符,可以让两个自定义类型对象进行对比操作
重载==号,或者重载!=号
//重载关系运算符
class Person
{
public:
Person(string name, int age)
{
m_Name = name;
m_Age = age;
}
//重载==号,否则后面无法直接判断if (p1 == p2)
bool operator==(Person& p)
{
if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
{
return true;
}
return false;
}
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
Person p1("Tom", 18);
Person p2("Tom", 18);
if (p1 == p2)
{
cout << "p1和p2是相等的" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p1和p2是不相等的" << endl;
}
}
重载!=号类似:
//重载!=号,否则后面无法直接判断if (p1 != p2)
bool operator!=(Person& p)
{
if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
{
return false;
}
return true;
}
6. 函数调用运算符重载
- 函数调用运算符()也可以重载
- 由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用,因此称为仿函数
- 仿函数没有固定写法,非常灵活
class MyPrint
{
public:
//重载函数调用运算符
void operator()(string test)
{
cout << test << endl;
}
};
class MyAdd
{
public:
int operator()(int num1, int num2)
{
return num1 + num2;
}
};
void test01()
{
MyPrint myPrint;
myPrint("hello world");
}
void test02()
{
MyAdd myadd;
int ret = myadd(100, 100);
cout << "ret = " << ret << endl;//200
//匿名函数对象(匿名对象特点:当前行执行完毕,立马被释放)
cout << MyAdd()(200, 200) << endl;//400
}
【未完待续】