个人专栏—张量分析专栏
- 张量分析学习笔记一——张量分析基本概念 张量分析学习笔记一——张量分析基本概念(https://blog.csdn.net/Zh531445436/article/details/136374766?spm=1001.2014.3001.5502)
- 张量分析学习笔记二——克罗内克符号与置换符号 张量分析学习笔记二——克罗内克符号与置换符号
- 张量分析学习笔记三——张量积 张量分析学习笔记三——张量积
- 张量分析学习笔记四——张量的基本运算法则 张量分析学习笔记四——张量的基本运算法则
文章目录
张量的运算法则是基于张量的代数性质和运算规则建立的，可以帮助简化张量计算，并提供统一的方法处理张量运算。
加法运算 \color{green}加法运算 加法运算：
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$\mathbf{C}=\mathbf{A}+\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{B}+\mathbf{A} $
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分量表示形式为：$ C_{ij}=A_{ij}+B_{ij} $
乘法运算 \color{green}乘法运算 乘法运算：
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D = λ A → in components ( D ) i j = λ ( A ) i j \mathbf{D}=\lambda\mathbf{A}\xrightarrow{\textit{in components}}(\mathbf{D})_{ij}=\lambda(\mathbf{A})_{ij} D=λAin components(D)ij=λ(A)ij
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( λ A ) ⋅ v ⃗ = λ ( A ⋅ v ⃗ ) \quad(\lambda\mathbf{A})\cdot\vec{v}=\lambda(\mathbf{A}\cdot\vec{v}) (λA)⋅v=λ(A⋅v)
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矩阵表示形式为：
A = [ A 11 A 12 A 13 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 31 A 32 A 33 ] ⟹ λ A = [ λ A 11 λ A 12 λ A 13 λ A 21 λ A 22 λ A 23 λ A 31 λ A 32 λ A 33 ] \begin{equation*} \mathbf{A}=\begin{bmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} & A_{13} \\ A_{21} & A_{22} & A_{23} \\ A_{31} & A_{32} & A_{33} \end{bmatrix} \Longrightarrow \lambda\mathbf{A}=\begin{bmatrix} \lambda A_{11} &\lambda A_{12} &\lambda A_{13} \\ \lambda A_{21} &\lambda A_{22} &\lambda A_{23} \\ \lambda A_{31} &\lambda A_{32} &\lambda A_{33} \end{bmatrix} \end{equation*} A= A11A21A31A12A22A32A13A23A33 ⟹λA= λA11λA21λA31λA12λA22λA32λA13λA23λA33
点积 \color{green}点积 点积：
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y ⃗ = A ⋅ x ⃗ = ( A j k e ^ j ⊗ e ^ k ) ⋅ ( x l e ^ l ) = A j k x l δ k l e ^ j = A j k x k ⏟ y j e ^ j = y j e ^ j \vec{y}=\mathbf{A}\cdot\vec{x} =(A_{jk}\hat{e}_j\otimes \hat{e}_k)\cdot(x_l\hat{e}_l)=A_{jk}x_l\delta_{kl}\hat{e}_j=\underbrace{A_{jk}x_k}_{y_j}\hat{e}_j=y_j\hat{e}_j y=A⋅x=(Ajke^j⊗e^k)⋅(xle^l)=Ajkxlδkle^j=yj Ajkxke^j=yje^j
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张量点积的性质
A ⋅ ( B + C ) = A ⋅ B + A ⋅ C A ⋅ ( B ⋅ C ) = ( A ⋅ B ) ⋅ C A 0 = I A 2 = A ⋅ A A 3 = A A A \begin{gather*} \mathbf{A}\cdot(\mathbf{B}+\mathbf{C})=\mathbf{A}\cdot\mathbf{B}+\mathbf{A}\cdot\mathbf{C}\\ \mathbf{A}\cdot(\mathbf{B}\cdot\mathbf{C})=(\mathbf{A}\cdot\mathbf{B})\cdot\mathbf{C}\\ \mathbf{A}^0=\mathbf{I}\\ \mathbf{A}^2=\mathbf{A}\cdot\mathbf{A}\\ \mathbf{A}^3=\mathbf{A}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{A} \end{gather*} A⋅(B+C)=A⋅B+A⋅CA⋅(B⋅C)=(A⋅B)⋅CA0=IA2=A⋅AA3=AAA -
对于二阶张量 $\mathbf{A} $和 $\mathbf{B} $，有 $\mathbf{A}\cdot\mathbf{B}\neq\mathbf{B}\cdot\mathbf{A} $
证明：KaTeX parse error: {align*} can be used only in display mode.
双点积 \color{green}双点积 双点积：
考虑两个张量 $\mathbf{A}=\vec{c}\otimes\vec{d} $和 $\mathbf{B}=\vec{u}\otimes\vec{v} $之间的双点积有两种， $\mathbf{A}:\mathbf{B} $和 $\mathbf{A}\cdot\cdot\mathbf{B} $。
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A : B = ( c ⃗ ⊗ d ⃗ ) : ( u ⃗ ⊗ v ⃗ ) = ( c ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) ( d ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ ) \mathbf{A}:\mathbf{B}= (\vec{c}\otimes\vec{d}):(\vec{u}\otimes\vec{v})=(\vec{c}\cdot\vec{u})(\vec{d}\cdot\vec{v}) A:B=(c⊗d):(u⊗v)=(c⋅u)(d⋅v)
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B : A = ( u ⃗ ⊗ v ⃗ ) : ( c ⃗ ⊗ d ⃗ ) = ( u ⃗ ⋅ c ⃗ ) ( v ⃗ ⋅ d ⃗ ) = ( u ⃗ ⋅ c ⃗ ) ( v ⃗ ⋅ d ⃗ ) = ( c ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) ( d ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ ) = A : B \mathbf{B}:\mathbf{A}=(\vec{u}\otimes\vec{v}):(\vec{c}\otimes\vec{d})=(\vec{u}\cdot\vec{c})(\vec{v}\cdot\vec{d})=(\vec{u}\cdot\vec{c})(\vec{v}\cdot\vec{d}) =(\vec{c}\cdot\vec{u})(\vec{d}\cdot\vec{v})=\mathbf{A}:\mathbf{B} B:A=(u⊗v):(c⊗d)=(u⋅c)(v⋅d)=(u⋅c)(v⋅d)=(c⋅u)(d⋅v)=A:B
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分量表示形式： A : B = ( A i j e ^ i ⊗ e ^ j ) : ( B k l e ^ k ⊗ e ^ l ) = A i j B k l δ i k δ j l = A i j B i j = λ \mathbf{A}:\mathbf{B}=(A_{ij}\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_j):(B_{kl}\hat{e}_k\otimes\hat{e}_l)=A_{ij}B_{kl}\delta_{ik}\delta{jl}=A_{ij}B_{ij}=\lambda A:B=(Aije^i⊗e^j):(Bkle^k⊗e^l)=AijBklδikδjl=AijBij=λ
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双点积的性质
A : B = B : A A : ( B + C ) = A : B + A : C λ ( A : B ) = ( λ A ) : B = A : ( λ B ) \begin{gather*} \mathbf{A}:\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{B}:\mathbf{A}\\ \mathbf{A}:(\mathbf{B}+\mathbf{C})=\mathbf{A}:\mathbf{B}+\mathbf{A}:\mathbf{C}\\ \lambda(\mathbf{A}:\mathbf{B})=(\lambda\mathbf{A}):\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{A}:(\lambda\mathbf{B}) \end{gather*} A:B=B:AA:(B+C)=A:B+A:Cλ(A:B)=(λA):B=A:(λB)
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( c ⃗ ⊗ d ⃗ ) ⋅ ⋅ ( u ⃗ ⊗ v ⃗ ) = ( c ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ ) ( d ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) (\vec{c}\otimes\vec{d})\cdot\cdot(\vec{u}\otimes\vec{v})=(\vec{c}\cdot\vec{v})(\vec{d}\cdot\vec{u}) (c⊗d)⋅⋅(u⊗v)=(c⋅v)(d⋅u)
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分量表示形式： A ⋅ ⋅ B = ( A i j e ^ i ⊗ e ^ j ) ⋅ ⋅ ( B k l e ^ k ⊗ e ^ l ) = A i j B k l δ j k δ i l = A i j B j i = γ \mathbf{A}\cdot\cdot\mathbf{B}=(A_{ij}\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_j)\cdot\cdot(B_{kl}\hat{e}_k\otimes\hat{e}_l)=A_{ij}B_{kl}\delta_{jk}\delta_{il}=A_{ij}B_{ji}=\gamma A⋅⋅B=(Aije^i⊗e^j)⋅⋅(Bkle^k⊗e^l)=AijBklδjkδil=AijBji=γ
示例 \color{green}示例 示例：
- 三阶张量 $\mathbf{S} $和二阶张量 $\mathbf{B} $的双点积:
S : B = ( c ⃗ ⊗ d ⃗ ⊗ a ⃗ ) : ( u ⃗ ⊗ v ⃗ ) = ( a ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ ) ( d ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) c ⃗ B : S = ( u ⃗ ⊗ v ⃗ ) : ( c ⃗ ⊗ d ⃗ ⊗ a ⃗ ) = ( u ⃗ ⋅ c ⃗ ) ( v ⃗ ⋅ d ⃗ ) a ⃗ S i j k e ^ i ⊗ e ^ j ⊗ e ^ k : B p q e ^ p ⊗ e ^ = S i j k B p q δ j p δ k q e ^ i = S i j k B j k e ^ i \begin{gather*} \mathbf{S}:\mathbf{B}=(\vec{c}\otimes\vec{d}\otimes\vec{a}):(\vec{u}\otimes\vec{v})=(\vec{a}\cdot\vec{v})(\vec{d}\cdot\vec{u})\vec{c}\\ \mathbf{B}:\mathbf{S}=(\vec{u}\otimes\vec{v}):(\vec{c}\otimes\vec{d}\otimes\vec{a})=(\vec{u}\cdot\vec{c})(\vec{v}\cdot\vec{d})\vec{a}\\ S_{ijk}\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_j\otimes\hat{e}_k:B_{pq}\hat{e}_p\otimes\hat{e}=S_{ijk}B_{pq}\delta_{jp}\delta_{kq}\hat{e}_i=S_{ijk}B_{jk}\hat{e}_i \end{gather*} S:B=(c⊗d⊗a):(u⊗v)=(a⋅v)(d⋅u)cB:S=(u⊗v):(c⊗d⊗a)=(u⋅c)(v⋅d)aSijke^i⊗e^j⊗e^k:Bpqe^p⊗e^=SijkBpqδjpδkqe^i=SijkBjke^i
- 四阶张量 $\mathbb{C} $和二阶张量 $\varepsilon $的双点积：
C i j k l e ^ i ⊗ e ^ j ⊗ e ^ k ⊗ e ^ l : ε p q e ^ p ⊗ e ^ q = C i j k l ε p q δ k p δ l q e ^ i ⊗ e ^ j = C i j k l ε p q e ^ i ⊗ e ^ j = σ i j e ^ i ⊗ e ^ j \mathbb{C}_{ijkl}\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_j\otimes\hat{e}_k\otimes\hat{e}_l:\varepsilon_{pq}\hat{e}_p\otimes\hat{e}_q=\mathbb{C}_{ijkl}\varepsilon_{pq}\delta_{kp}\delta_{lq}\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_j=\mathbb{C}_{ijkl}\varepsilon_{pq}\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_j=\sigma_{ij}\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_j Cijkle^i⊗e^j⊗e^k⊗e^l:εpqe^p⊗e^q=Cijklεpqδkpδlqe^i⊗e^j=Cijklεpqe^i⊗e^j=σije^i⊗e^j
- 二阶张量 $\mathbf{A} $在笛卡尔坐标系中的张量分量为：
( A ) i j = ( A k l e ^ k ⊗ e ^ l ) : ( e ^ i ⊗ e ^ j ) = e ^ j ⋅ ( A k l e ^ k ⊗ e ^ l ) ⋅ e ^ j = A k l δ k i δ l i = A i j a ⃗ ⋅ A ⋅ b ⃗ = a p e ^ p ⋅ A i j e ^ i ⊗ e ^ j ⋅ b r e ^ r = a p A i j b r δ p i δ j r = a i A i j b j = A i j ( a i b j ) = A : ( a ⃗ ⊗ b ⃗ ) \begin{align*} (\mathbf{A})_{ij}&=(A_{kl}\hat{e}_k\otimes\hat{e}_l):(\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_j)=\hat{e}_j\cdot(A_{kl}\hat{e}_k\otimes\hat{e}_l)\cdot\hat{e}_j=A_{kl}\delta_{ki}\delta_{li}=A_{ij}\\ \vec{a}\cdot\mathbf{A}\cdot\vec{b}&=a_p\hat{e}_p\cdot A_{ij}\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_j\cdot b_r\hat{e}_r =a_pA_{ij}b_r\delta_{pi}\delta_{jr}=a_iA_{ij}b_j =A_{ij}(a_ib_j)=\mathbf{A}:(\vec{a}\otimes\vec{b}) \end{align*} (A)ija⋅A⋅b=(Akle^k⊗e^l):(e^i⊗e^j)=e^j⋅(Akle^k⊗e^l)⋅e^j=Aklδkiδli=Aij=ape^p⋅Aije^i⊗e^j⋅bre^r=apAijbrδpiδjr=aiAijbj=Aij(aibj)=A:(a⊗b)
向量积 \color{green}向量积 向量积：
- 二阶张量 $\mathbf{A} $和向量 $\vec{x} $的向量积为
A × x ⃗ = ( A i j e ^ i ⊗ e ^ j ) × ( x k e ^ k ) = ϵ l j k A i j x k e ^ i ⊗ e ^ l \mathbf{A}\times\vec{x}=(A_{ij}\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_j)\times(x_k\hat{e}_k)=\epsilon_{ljk}A_{ij}x_k\hat{e}_i\otimes\hat{e}_l A×x=(Aije^i⊗e^j)×(xke^k)=ϵljkAijxke^i⊗e^l
- 向量积的性质
a ⃗ × ( b ⃗ × c ⃗ ) = ( a ⃗ ⋅ c ⃗ ) b ⃗ − ( a ⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ ) c ⃗ = ( b ⃗ ⊗ c ⃗ − c ⃗ ⊗ b ⃗ ) ⋅ a ⃗ a ⃗ × ( b ⃗ × a ⃗ ) = [ ( a ⃗ ⋅ a ⃗ ) − a ⃗ ⊗ a ⃗ ] ⋅ b ⃗ \begin{align*} \vec{a}\times(\vec{b}\times\vec{c})&=(\vec{a}\cdot\vec{c})\vec{b}-(\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b})\vec{c}=(\vec{b}\otimes\vec{c}-\vec{c}\otimes\vec{b})\cdot\vec{a}\\ \vec{a}\times(\vec{b}\times\vec{a})&=[(\vec{a}\cdot\vec{a})-\vec{a}\otimes\vec{a}]\cdot\vec{b} \end{align*} a×(b×c)a×(b×a)=(a⋅c)b−(a⋅b)c=(b⊗c−c⊗b)⋅a=[(a⋅a)−a⊗a]⋅b
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