Dense Visual SLAM with Probabilistic Surfel Map(PSM)

Dense Visual SLAM with Probabilistic Surfel Map(PSM)

    本文提出了一种全新的稠密视觉SLAM的概率Surfel图表示方法(PSM),其主要思想是通过对光度和几何不确定性分析建模,来维护一个全局一致的地图。算法的关键在于对传感器的测量不确定性进行合理建模和更新,以及应用这些不确定性改进前端姿态估计和后端优化。

    文章的主要贡献为:

    (1)提出了一种能够对测量不确定性进行适当建模的概率Surfel图表示方法(PSM)。

    (2 )提出了一种机制(主要通过关键帧PSM)来将PSM应用于稠密视觉里程计中的鲁棒位姿优化框架,成功地减少了相机的漂移。

    (3)对于后端优化,设计了一种全局一致的地图优化方案,该方案既利用了位姿图中的位姿约束,又利用了基于PSM的位姿点约束,以提高相机轨迹的精度。此外,还提出了一种通过变形关键帧来匹配全局PSM的稠密网格生成方法。

1. 视觉SLAM中的两种方法

1.1. Frame-to-frame Visual SLAM

    帧到帧视觉SLAM是一种预测相邻帧间相对相机位姿的方法,只保留局部3D地图而不进行全局地图融合。

1.2. Frame-to-model Visual SLAM

    帧到模型视觉SLAM通常建立一个全局环境地图,并使用该地图辅助前端位姿估计。全局地图的常用表示包括稀疏/稠密的三维点云、surfel地图和3D volumes。

    本文对这两种方法进行了结合,与帧到帧方法相比,保持了全局一致的地图表示,即PSM,不受体素表示方法的限制;与建立需要大量计算的稠密地图的帧到模型方法相比,文中的方法在地图融合过程中只保留具有高置信度的点,从而构建了一个可靠的基于稀疏点云的地图。当需要密集网格时,变形并融合关键帧中的稠密点云。通过这样做,文中方法需要更少的内存,并且在视觉SLAM期间计算效率更高,并且能够在需要时提供高质量的密集网格。
在这里插入图片描述

2. 概率surfel图

2.1. PSM

    PSM的表示:

http://www.iri.upc.edu/people/jsola/JoanSola/eng/toolbox.html EKF-SLAM TOOLBOX FOR MATLAB NEWS Upgrade 2012/04/22: Added support for Omni-directional cameras for ahmPnt and eucPnt points. From 2011/09/03 to 2011/09/08: a bug in the package released between these 5 days caused the toolbox to completely fail. Download the current version below. 2010/09/04: BUG FIX: Corrected bug in code for IDP. If you just want the bug fix, click here. Toolbox versions after 2011/09/08 are already fixed. INTRODUCTION This toolbox performs 6DOF SLAM using the classical EKF implementation. It is conceived as an "active-search" SLAM. It is provided for free under the GPL license (please read the file COPYING and make sure you agree in the terms and conditions before using it). Users employing the toolbox for scientific research should cite in their scientific communications one of the papers of the authors (especially SOLA-ETAL-IJCV-11, SOLA-ETAL-TRO-08) appearing in the References section of the documentation, and also acknowledging the use of this toolbox. • Download the 6DOF SLAM toolbox for Matlab. • Please email me with feedback, I will appreciate. • Read the pdf doc to have an idea. • Features: o Full 6DOF. o Points and lines, with many different parametrizations. Consult the IJCV'11 paper on landmark parametrization. o 3D graphics. o Works with any number of robots and sensors. o Monocular and stereo systems are treated alike. o Supports extrinsic self-calibration of multi-camera rigs as in our TRO'08 paper. • The toolbox supports undelayed initialization of the following landmark types: o ahmPnt : Anchored homogeneous points. See video. This parametrization performs equivalently to Inverse-depth points in filter consistency. o idpPnt : Inverse-Depth points, with conversion to Euclidean points (eucPnt) after confirming linearity. This follows Civera's TRO-08 paper on Inverse-depth parametrization. Seevideo. Also called Anchored Modified-polar points (AMPP) in SOLA-IJCV'11. o hmgPnt : Homogeneous points. See video. o fhmPnt : Framed Homogeneous points. We follow a work by Simone Ceriani et. al., 2011. o plkLin : Plucker lines as explained in our IROS-09 paper. See video. o aplLin : Anchored Plucker lines. See video. o idpLin : Inverse-depth points lines. See video. Also called Anchored Modified-polar points lines (AMPPL) in SOLA-IJCV'11. o hmgLin : Homogeneous-points lines. See video. o ahmLin : Anchored homogeneous-points lines. See video. o See this video that compares idpPnt against ahmPnt and hmgPnt points, showing the superior consistency of idpPnt and ahmPnt because of over-estimation of the covariance in hmgPnt.(note: in the video, hmgPnt is labeled HP, ahmPnt is AHP, and idpPnt is AMPP.) o See this video with all line parametrizations running in parallel. BUG FIXES BUG (fixed in toolbox releases after 2011/09/08): The Jacobians of the idpPnt initialization function were incorrect. This derived in a poor performance of idpPnt points. Now, idpPnt andahmPnt show equivalent performance. FIX: follow these simple steps: 1. Download this file. Unzip it. 2. Copy files idp2ahp.m and ahp2idp.m to toolbox folder %SLAMTB/Points/ 3. Copy file retroProjIdpPntFromPinHoleOnRob.m to toolbox folder %SLAMTB/Observations/ 4. Delete the obsolete bugged file %SLAMTB/Points/idpS2idpW.m from the toolbox.
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