一例积分题

求积分：

雨中漫步

$${\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\frac{x\sin x}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}dx$$

解：首先通过分部积分：
$${\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\frac{x\sin x}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}dx$$
$$=-{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}xd\arctan \cos x$$
$$={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\arctan \cos xdx$$
$$={\int }_0^1\frac{\arctan x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx$$

设$$I\left(\alpha \right)={\int }_0^1\frac{\arctan \alpha x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx,$$我们有：
$$I\left(0\right)=0,$$
$$I\left(\infty \right)=\frac{\pi }{2}{\int }_0^1\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=\frac{{\pi }^2}{4}$$
接着我们研究导数有：
$$I^{\prime }\left(\alpha \right)={\int }_0^1\frac{x}{\left(1+{\alpha }^2{x}^2\right)\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx$$
$$={\int }_0^1\frac{dt}{1+{\alpha }^2-{\alpha }^2{t}^2}$$
$$=\frac{\ln \left(\alpha +\sqrt{{\alpha }^2+1}\right)}{\alpha \sqrt{1+{\alpha }^2}}$$
那么：
$$\begin{gathered} {\int }_0^1\frac{\arctan x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx=I\left(1\right)={\int }_0^1{I}^{\prime }\left(\alpha \right)d\alpha \\ ={\int }_0^1\frac{\ln \left(\alpha +\sqrt{{\alpha }^2+1}\right)}{\alpha \sqrt{1+{\alpha }^2}}d\alpha \\ =-{\int }_0^1\frac{\ln \left(\alpha +\sqrt{{\alpha }^2+1}\right)}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{{\alpha }^2}}}d\frac{1}{\alpha } \\ =-{\int }_0^1\ln \left(\alpha +\sqrt{{\alpha }^2+1}\right)d\ln \left(\frac{1}{\alpha }+\sqrt{{\left(\frac{1}{\alpha }\right)}^2+1}\right) \\ ={\int }_0^1\frac{\ln \left(\frac{1}{\alpha }+\sqrt{{\left(\frac{1}{\alpha }\right)}^2+1}\right)}{\sqrt{{\alpha }^2+1}}d\alpha -{\ln }^2\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right) \\ ={\int }_1^{+\infty }\frac{\ln \left(\alpha +\sqrt{{\alpha }^2+1}\right)}{\alpha \sqrt{1+{\alpha }^2}}d\alpha -{\ln }^2\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right) \\ ={\int }_1^{+\infty }{I}^{\prime }\left(\alpha \right)d\alpha -{\ln }^2\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right) \\ =I\left(\infty \right)-I\left(1\right)-{\ln }^2\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)=I\left(1\right) \\ =\frac{I\left(\infty \right)-{\ln }^2\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)}{2} \\ =\frac{{\pi }^2}{8}-\frac{1}{2}{\ln }^2\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right) \end{gathered}$$