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符号函数:称 sgn x = { − 1 , x < 0 0 , x = 0 1 , x > 0 \operatorname{sgn} x=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}-1, & x<0 \\ 0, & x=0 \\ 1, & x>0\end{array}\right. sgnx=⎩⎨⎧−1,0,1,x<0x=0x>0为符号函数,显然有 ∣ x ∣ = x sgn x |x|=x \operatorname{sgn} x ∣x∣=xsgnx
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狄利克雷函数:称 D ( x ) = { 1 , x ∈ Q 0 , x ∈ R \ Q D(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1, x \in \mathbf{Q} \\ 0, x \in \mathbf{R} \backslash \mathbf{Q}\end{array}\right. D(x)={1,x∈Q0,x∈R\Q为狄利克雷函数
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取整函数:称 y = [ x ] y=[x] y=[x]为取整函数,其函数值为 x x x值左侧的最大的整数值,若 x x x为整数,在其函数值即为 x x x,如 [ − 2 ] = − 2 , [ 5 ] = 2 , [ 3 ] = 3 [-\sqrt{2}]=-2,[\sqrt{5}]=2,[3]=3 [−2]=−2,[5]=2,[3]=3
注解:
(1)
[
x
]
⩽
x
[x] \leqslant x
[x]⩽x
(2)
[
x
+
y
]
=
[
x
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+
[
y
]
[x+y]=[x]+[y]
[x+y]=[x]+[y]不是总成立的,但
[
x
+
m
]
=
[
x
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+
m
[x+m]=[x]+m
[x+m]=[x]+m(其中
m
m
m是整数)是一定成立的