中值定理中辅助函数的构造方法
1. 还原法
这种方法类似上面的采用微分方程的解题思路。但是存在一点微小的区别
,这里面主要采用将
y
y
y与
y
′
y^{'}
y′划在一起,变成
f
′
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
\frac{f^{\prime}(x)}{f(x)}
f(x)f′(x)的形式,而正好
[
ln
f
(
x
)
]
′
=
f
′
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
[\ln f(x)]^{\prime}=\frac{f^{\prime}(x)}{f(x)}
[lnf(x)]′=f(x)f′(x)
例一:设
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
[
0
,
1
]
[0,1]
[0,1]上二阶可导,且
f
(
0
)
=
f
(
1
)
f(0)=f(1)
f(0)=f(1),证明:存在
ξ
∈
(
0
,
1
)
\xi \in(0,1)
ξ∈(0,1),使得
f
′
′
(
ξ
)
=
2
f
′
(
ξ
)
1
−
ξ
f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)=\frac{2 f^{\prime}(\xi)}{1-\xi}
f′′(ξ)=1−ξ2f′(ξ)
分析:将
f
′
′
(
ξ
)
=
2
f
′
(
ξ
)
1
−
ξ
f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)=\frac{2 f^{\prime}(\xi)}{1-\xi}
f′′(ξ)=1−ξ2f′(ξ)改写为
f
′
′
(
x
)
=
2
f
′
(
x
)
1
−
x
f^{\prime \prime}(x)=\frac{2 f^{\prime}(x)}{1-x}
f′′(x)=1−x2f′(x),进一步化为
f
′
′
(
x
)
f
′
(
x
)
+
2
x
−
1
=
0
\frac{f^{\prime \prime}(x)}{f^{\prime}(x)}+\frac{2}{x-1}=0
f′(x)f′′(x)+x−12=0,还原为
[
ln
f
′
(
x
)
]
′
+
[
ln
(
x
−
1
)
2
]
′
=
0
\left[\ln f^{\prime}(x)\right]^{\prime}+\left[\ln (x-1)^{2}\right]^{\prime}=0
[lnf′(x)]′+[ln(x−1)2]′=0,辅助函数构造为
φ
(
x
)
=
(
x
−
1
)
2
f
′
(
x
)
\varphi(x)=(x-1)^{2} f^{\prime}(x)
φ(x)=(x−1)2f′(x)
证明:令
φ
(
x
)
=
(
x
−
1
)
2
f
′
(
x
)
,
φ
(
1
)
=
0
\varphi(x)=(x-1)^{2} f^{\prime}(x), \varphi(1)=0
φ(x)=(x−1)2f′(x),φ(1)=0
因为
f
(
0
)
=
f
(
1
)
f(0)=f(1)
f(0)=f(1),所以由罗尔定理,存在
c
∈
(
0
,
1
)
c \in(0,1)
c∈(0,1),使得
f
′
(
c
)
=
0
f^{\prime}(c)=0
f′(c)=0,于是
φ
(
c
)
=
0
\varphi(c)=0
φ(c)=0
因为
φ
(
c
)
=
φ
(
1
)
=
0
\varphi(c)=\varphi(1)=0
φ(c)=φ(1)=0,所以由罗尔定理,存在
ξ
∈
(
c
,
1
)
⊂
(
0
,
1
)
\xi \in(c, 1) \subset(0,1)
ξ∈(c,1)⊂(0,1),使得
φ
′
(
ξ
)
=
0
\varphi^{\prime}(\xi)=0
φ′(ξ)=0,于是
f
′
′
(
ξ
)
=
2
f
′
(
ξ
)
1
−
ξ
f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)=\frac{2 f^{\prime}(\xi)}{1-\xi}
f′′(ξ)=1−ξ2f′(ξ)
2. 分组构造法
其实这种方法也可以用微分方程来解决,但是因为这里面有一些是一阶非齐次的,所以解起来很麻烦,可以尝试这种方法,所谓分组构造法,就是将所证的结论进行适当的分组,则辅助函数构造如下:
1.若所证结论为
f
′
(
ξ
)
−
f
(
ξ
)
+
2
ξ
=
2
f^{\prime}(\xi)-f(\xi)+2 \xi=2
f′(ξ)−f(ξ)+2ξ=2,则辅助函数构造如下:
(1)将
f
′
(
ξ
)
−
f
(
ξ
)
+
2
ξ
=
2
f^{\prime}(\xi)-f(\xi)+2 \xi=2
f′(ξ)−f(ξ)+2ξ=2改写为
f
′
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
+
2
x
=
2
f^{\prime}(x)-f(x)+2 x=2
f′(x)−f(x)+2x=2
(2)将
f
′
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
+
2
x
=
2
f^{\prime}(x)-f(x)+2 x=2
f′(x)−f(x)+2x=2分组为
[
f
(
x
)
−
2
x
]
′
−
[
f
(
x
)
−
2
x
]
=
0
[f(x)-2 x]^{\prime}-[f(x)-2 x]=0
[f(x)−2x]′−[f(x)−2x]=0
则辅助函数为
φ
(
x
)
=
e
−
x
[
f
(
x
)
−
2
x
]
\varphi(x)=\mathrm{e}^{-x}[f(x)-2 x]
φ(x)=e−x[f(x)−2x]
2.若所证结论为
f
′
′
(
ξ
)
−
f
(
ξ
)
=
0
f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)-f(\xi)=0
f′′(ξ)−f(ξ)=0,则辅助函数构造如下:
(1)将
f
′
′
(
ξ
)
−
f
(
ξ
)
=
0
f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)-f(\xi)=0
f′′(ξ)−f(ξ)=0改写为
f
′
′
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
=
0
f^{\prime \prime}(x)-f(x)=0
f′′(x)−f(x)=0
(2)将
f
′
′
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
=
0
f^{\prime \prime}(x)-f(x)=0
f′′(x)−f(x)=0分组为
f
′
′
(
x
)
+
f
′
(
x
)
−
f
′
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
=
0
f^{\prime \prime}(x)+f^{\prime}(x)-f^{\prime}(x)-f(x)=0
f′′(x)+f′(x)−f′(x)−f(x)=0,即
[
f
′
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
)
]
′
−
[
f
′
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
)
]
=
0
\left[f^{\prime}(x)+f(x)\right]^{\prime}-\left[f^{\prime}(x)+f(x)\right]=0
[f′(x)+f(x)]′−[f′(x)+f(x)]=0,辅助函数为
φ
(
x
)
=
e
−
x
[
f
′
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
)
]
\varphi(x)=\mathrm{e}^{-x}\left[f^{\prime}(x)+f(x)\right]
φ(x)=e−x[f′(x)+f(x)]
同样,根据加减法的不同也可以构造为
φ
(
x
)
=
e
x
[
f
′
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
]
\varphi(x)=\mathrm{e}^{x}\left[f^{\prime}(x)-f(x)\right]
φ(x)=ex[f′(x)−f(x)]
- 若所证结论为
f
′
′
(
ξ
)
+
f
′
(
ξ
)
=
2
f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)+f^{\prime}(\xi)=2
f′′(ξ)+f′(ξ)=2,则辅助函数构造如下:
(1)将 f ′ ′ ( ξ ) + f ′ ( ξ ) = 2 f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)+f^{\prime}(\xi)=2 f′′(ξ)+f′(ξ)=2改写为 f ′ ′ ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) = 2 f^{\prime \prime}(x)+f^{\prime}(x)=2 f′′(x)+f′(x)=2
(2)将 f ′ ′ ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) = 2 f^{\prime \prime}(x)+f^{\prime}(x)=2 f′′(x)+f′(x)=2分组为 [ f ′ ( x ) − 2 ] ′ + [ f ′ ( x ) − 2 ] = 0 \left[f^{\prime}(x)-2\right]^{\prime}+\left[f^{\prime}(x)-2\right]=0 [f′(x)−2]′+[f′(x)−2]=0
则辅助函数为 φ ( x ) = e x [ f ′ ( x ) − 2 ] \varphi(x)=\mathrm{e}^{x}\left[f^{\prime}(x)-2\right] φ(x)=ex[f′(x)−2]
例题一:设
f
(
x
)
∈
C
[
a
,
b
]
f(x) \in C[a, b]
f(x)∈C[a,b],则在
(
a
,
b
)
(a,b)
(a,b)内二阶可导,
f
(
a
)
=
f
(
b
)
=
0
,
f
′
+
(
a
)
f
′
−
(
b
)
>
0
f(a)=f(b)=0, f^{\prime}+(a) f^{\prime}-(b)>0
f(a)=f(b)=0,f′+(a)f′−(b)>0
(1)证明:存在
ξ
1
,
ξ
2
∈
(
a
,
b
)
(
ξ
1
<
ξ
2
)
\xi_{1}, \xi_{2} \in(a, b)\left(\xi_{1}<\xi_{2}\right)
ξ1,ξ2∈(a,b)(ξ1<ξ2),使得
f
(
ξ
1
)
+
f
′
(
ξ
1
)
=
0
,
f
(
ξ
2
)
+
f
′
(
ξ
2
)
=
0
f\left(\xi_{1}\right)+f^{\prime}\left(\xi_{1}\right)=0, f\left(\xi_{2}\right)+f^{\prime}\left(\xi_{2}\right)=0
f(ξ1)+f′(ξ1)=0,f(ξ2)+f′(ξ2)=0
(2)证明:存在
η
1
,
η
2
∈
(
a
,
b
)
(
η
1
<
η
2
)
\eta_{1}, \eta_{2} \in(a, b)\left(\eta_{1}<\eta_{2}\right)
η1,η2∈(a,b)(η1<η2),使得
f
′
(
η
1
)
−
f
(
η
1
)
=
0
,
f
′
(
η
2
)
−
f
(
η
2
)
=
0
f^{\prime}\left(\eta_{1}\right)-f\left(\eta_{1}\right)=0, f^{\prime}\left(\eta_{2}\right)-f\left(\eta_{2}\right)=0
f′(η1)−f(η1)=0,f′(η2)−f(η2)=0
(3)证明:存在
ξ
∈
(
a
,
b
)
\xi \in(a, b)
ξ∈(a,b),使得
f
′
′
(
ξ
)
=
f
(
ξ
)
f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)=f(\xi)
f′′(ξ)=f(ξ)
(4)证明:存在
η
∈
(
a
,
b
)
\eta \in(a, b)
η∈(a,b),使得
f
′
′
(
η
)
−
3
f
′
(
η
)
+
2
f
(
η
)
=
0
f^{\prime \prime}(\eta)-3 f^{\prime}(\eta)+2 f(\eta)=0
f′′(η)−3f′(η)+2f(η)=0
证明:
(1)不妨设
f
+
′
(
a
)
>
0
,
f
−
′
(
b
)
>
0
f^{\prime}_{+}(a)>0, f^{\prime}_{-}(b)>0
f+′(a)>0,f−′(b)>0,则存在
c
1
∈
(
a
,
b
)
,
c
2
∈
(
a
,
b
)
c_{1} \in(a, b), c_{2} \in(a, b)
c1∈(a,b),c2∈(a,b),使得
f
(
c
1
)
>
f
(
a
)
=
0
,
f
(
c
2
)
<
f
(
b
)
=
0
f\left(c_{1}\right)>f(a)=0, \quad f\left(c_{2}\right)<f(b)=0
f(c1)>f(a)=0,f(c2)<f(b)=0
令
φ
(
x
)
=
e
x
f
(
x
)
\varphi(x)=\mathrm{e}^{x} f(x)
φ(x)=exf(x),因为
f
(
a
)
=
f
(
c
)
=
f
(
b
)
=
0
f(a)=f(c)=f(b)=0
f(a)=f(c)=f(b)=0,所以
φ
(
a
)
=
φ
(
c
)
=
φ
(
b
)
=
0
\varphi(a)=\varphi(c)=\varphi(b)=0
φ(a)=φ(c)=φ(b)=0,由罗尔定理,存在存在
ξ
1
,
ξ
2
∈
(
a
,
b
)
(
ξ
1
<
ξ
2
)
\xi_{1}, \xi_{2} \in(a, b)\left(\xi_{1}<\xi_{2}\right)
ξ1,ξ2∈(a,b)(ξ1<ξ2),使得
φ
′
(
ξ
1
)
=
φ
′
(
ξ
2
)
=
0
\varphi^{\prime}\left(\xi_{1}\right)=\varphi^{\prime}\left(\xi_{2}\right)=0
φ′(ξ1)=φ′(ξ2)=0
(2)令
φ
(
x
)
=
e
−
x
f
(
x
)
\varphi(x)=\mathrm{e}^{-x} f(x)
φ(x)=e−xf(x),因为
f
(
a
)
=
f
(
c
)
=
f
(
b
)
=
0
f(a)=f(c)=f(b)=0
f(a)=f(c)=f(b)=0,所以
φ
(
a
)
=
φ
(
c
)
=
φ
(
b
)
=
0
\varphi(a)=\varphi(c)=\varphi(b)=0
φ(a)=φ(c)=φ(b)=0,由罗尔定理,存在
η
1
∈
(
a
,
c
)
,
η
2
∈
(
c
,
b
)
\eta_{1} \in(a, c), \eta_{2} \in(c, b)
η1∈(a,c),η2∈(c,b),使得
φ
′
(
η
1
)
=
φ
′
(
η
2
)
=
0
\varphi^{\prime}\left(\eta_{1}\right)=\varphi^{\prime}\left(\eta_{2}\right)=0
φ′(η1)=φ′(η2)=0
而
φ
′
(
x
)
=
e
−
x
[
f
′
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
]
\varphi^{\prime}(x)=\mathrm{e}^{-x}\left[f^{\prime}(x)-f(x)\right]
φ′(x)=e−x[f′(x)−f(x)]且
e
−
x
≠
0
\mathrm{e}^{-x} \neq 0
e−x=0,故
f
′
(
η
1
)
−
f
(
η
1
)
=
0
,
f
′
(
η
2
)
−
f
(
η
2
)
=
0
f^{\prime}\left(\eta_{1}\right)-f\left(\eta_{1}\right)=0, f^{\prime}\left(\eta_{2}\right)-f\left(\eta_{2}\right)=0
f′(η1)−f(η1)=0,f′(η2)−f(η2)=0
(3)令 h ( x ) = e − x [ f ′ ( x ) + f ( x ) ] h(x)=\mathrm{e}^{-x}\left[f^{\prime}(x)+f(x)\right] h(x)=e−x[f′(x)+f(x)],因为 h ( ξ 1 ) = h ( ξ 2 ) = 0 h\left(\xi_{1}\right)=h\left(\xi_{2}\right)=0 h(ξ1)=h(ξ2)=0,所以存在 ξ ∈ ( ξ 1 , ξ 2 ) \xi \in\left(\xi_{1}, \xi_{2}\right) ξ∈(ξ1,ξ2),使得 h ′ ( ξ ) = 0 h^{\prime}(\xi)=0 h′(ξ)=0,而 h ′ ( x ) = e − x [ f ′ ′ ( x ) − f ( x ) ] h^{\prime}(x)=\mathrm{e}^{-x}\left[f^{\prime \prime}(x)-f(x)\right] h′(x)=e−x[f′′(x)−f(x)]且 e − x ≠ 0 e^{-x} \neq 0 e−x=0,于是 f ′ ′ ( ξ ) = f ( ξ ) f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)=f(\xi) f′′(ξ)=f(ξ)
(4)令
h
(
x
)
=
e
−
2
x
[
f
′
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
]
h(x)=\mathrm{e}^{-2 x}\left[f^{\prime}(x)-f(x)\right]
h(x)=e−2x[f′(x)−f(x)],因为
h
(
η
1
)
=
h
(
η
2
)
=
0
h\left(\eta_{1}\right)=h\left(\eta_{2}\right)=0
h(η1)=h(η2)=0,所以由罗尔定理,存在
η
∈
(
η
1
,
η
2
)
⊂
(
a
,
b
)
\eta \in \left(\eta_{1}, \eta_{2}\right) \subset(a, b)
η∈(η1,η2)⊂(a,b),使得
h
′
(
η
)
=
0
h^{\prime}(\eta)=0
h′(η)=0
而
h
′
(
x
)
=
e
−
2
x
[
f
′
′
(
x
)
−
3
f
′
(
x
)
+
2
f
(
x
)
]
h^{\prime}(x)=\mathrm{e}^{-2 x}\left[f^{\prime \prime}(x)-3 f^{\prime}(x)+2 f(x)\right]
h′(x)=e−2x[f′′(x)−3f′(x)+2f(x)]且
e
−
2
x
≠
0
\mathrm{e}^{-2 x} \neq 0
e−2x=0,故
f
′
′
(
η
)
−
3
f
′
(
η
)
+
2
f
(
η
)
=
0
f^{\prime \prime}(\eta)-3 f^{\prime}(\eta)+2 f(\eta)=0
f′′(η)−3f′(η)+2f(η)=0
3. 凑微分
所谓凑微分方法构造辅助函数,即先将结论中的 ξ \xi ξ变成 x x x,再去分母、移项。整理成 g ( x ) = 0 g(x)=0 g(x)=0,再找出 φ ′ ( x ) = g ( x ) \varphi^{\prime}(x)=g(x) φ′(x)=g(x),则 φ ( x ) \varphi(x) φ(x)即为辅助函数
例题一:设 f ( x ) , g ( x ) f(x) , g(x) f(x),g(x)在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续,在 ( a , b ) (a,b) (a,b)上可导, g ( x ) ≠ 0 , g ′ ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 ( a < x < b ) g(x) \neq 0, g^{\prime \prime}(x) \neq 0(a<x<b) g(x)=0,g′′(x)=0(a<x<b),且 f ( a ) = f ( b ) = g ( a ) = g ( b ) = 0 f(a)=f(b)=g(a)=g(b)=0 f(a)=f(b)=g(a)=g(b)=0,证明:存在 ξ ∈ ( a , b ) \xi \in(a, b) ξ∈(a,b),使得 f ( ξ ) g ( ξ ) = f ′ ′ ( ξ ) g ′ ′ ( ξ ) \frac{f(\xi)}{g(\xi)}=\frac{f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)}{g^{\prime \prime}(\xi)} g(ξ)f(ξ)=g′′(ξ)f′′(ξ)
分析:将 f ( ξ ) g ( ξ ) = f ′ ′ ( ξ ) g ′ ′ ( ξ ) \frac{f(\xi)}{g(\xi)}=\frac{f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)}{g^{\prime \prime}(\xi)} g(ξ)f(ξ)=g′′(ξ)f′′(ξ)改写为 f ( x ) g ( x ) = f ′ ′ ( x ) g ′ ′ ( x ) \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\frac{f^{\prime \prime}(x)}{g^{\prime \prime}(x)} g(x)f(x)=g′′(x)f′′(x),整理得 f ( x ) g ′ ′ ( x ) − f ′ ′ ( x ) g ( x ) = 0 f(x) g^{\prime \prime}(x)-f^{\prime \prime}(x) g(x)=0 f(x)g′′(x)−f′′(x)g(x)=0,还原得 [ f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) − f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) ] ′ = 0 \left[f(x) g^{\prime}(x)-f^{\prime}(x) g(x)\right]^{\prime}=0 [f(x)g′(x)−f′(x)g(x)]′=0,辅助函数为 φ ( x ) = f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) − f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) \varphi(x)=f(x) g^{\prime}(x)-f^{\prime}(x) g(x) φ(x)=f(x)g′(x)−f′(x)g(x)
证明:令
φ
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
−
f
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
,
φ
(
a
)
=
φ
(
b
)
=
0
\varphi(x)=f(x) g^{\prime}(x)-f^{\prime}(x) g(x), \varphi(a)=\varphi(b)=0
φ(x)=f(x)g′(x)−f′(x)g(x),φ(a)=φ(b)=0
由罗尔定理,存在
ξ
∈
(
a
,
b
)
\xi \in(a, b)
ξ∈(a,b),使得
φ
′
(
ξ
)
=
0
\varphi^{\prime}(\xi)=0
φ′(ξ)=0,而
φ
′
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
′
′
(
x
)
−
f
′
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
\varphi^{\prime}(x)=f(x) g^{\prime \prime}(x)-f^{\prime \prime}(x) g(x)
φ′(x)=f(x)g′′(x)−f′′(x)g(x)且
g
(
x
)
≠
0
,
g
′
′
(
x
)
≠
0
(
a
<
x
<
b
)
g(x) \neq 0, g^{\prime \prime}(x) \neq 0(a<x<b)
g(x)=0,g′′(x)=0(a<x<b),所以
f
(
ξ
)
g
(
ξ
)
=
f
′
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
′
(
ξ
)
\frac{f(\xi)}{g(\xi)}=\frac{f^{\prime \prime}(\xi)}{g^{\prime \prime}(\xi)}
g(ξ)f(ξ)=g′′(ξ)f′′(ξ)