这一节与1.1 Fields一起,是一个基础知识介绍,主要概念包括field和subfield,system of m linear equations in n unknowns,以及什么是solution,什么是homogeneous system。
field需要满足9个条件,subfield则重点介绍的是复数域C上自成一域的集合。域的特征值是挺有意思的一个新概念,一般能遇到的field都是characteristic zero的。
在介绍方程组系统时,很快就引入了linear combination的概念,如果用线性空间的思维来看,equations in n unknowns with coefficients in F可以看作一个线性空间V,如果说一个方程是某个系统中方程的linear combination,那么这一方程处于这个系统在V中span的subfield,如果两个系统等价,按照文中定义,就是他们span成相同的subfield,因此解相同,这也是Theorem 1 的内容。并且,V中的任何一个subfield都对应着 F n F^n Fn里的一个subfield(即解空间solution space),当然按照1.2的内容还没法证明 V V V和 F n F^n Fn是不是同构(isomorphism)的。
Exercises
1.Verify that the set of complex numbers described in Example 4 is a subfield of C C C.
Solution:Let F = { x + y 2 : x , y ∈ Q } F=\{x+y\sqrt{2}:x,y∈Q\} F={
x+y2:x,y∈Q}, then 0 = 0 + 0 2 , 1 = 1 + 0 2 0=0+0\sqrt{2},1=1+0\sqrt{2} 0=0+02,1=1+02, thus 0 , 1 ∈ F 0,1∈F 0,1∈F, let x , y ∈ F x,y∈F x,y∈F, then x = a + b 2 , y = c + d 2 , a , b , c , d ∈ Q x=a+b\sqrt{2},y=c+d\sqrt{2},a,b,c,d∈Q x=a+b2,y=c+d2,a,b,c,d∈Q, so we have
x + y = a + c + ( b + d ) 2 ∈ F − x = − a − b 2 ∈ F x y = a c + 2 b d + ( a d + b c ) 2 ∈ F x − 1 = 1 a + b 2 = a − b 2 a 2 − 2 b 2 ∈ F x+y=a+c+(b+d)\sqrt{2}\in F\\-x=-a-b\sqrt{2}\in F \\ xy=ac+2bd+(ad+bc)\sqrt{2}\in F\\x^{-1}=\frac{1}{a+b\sqrt{2}}=\frac{a-b\sqrt{2}}{a^2-2b^2 }\in F x+y=a+c+(b+d)2∈F−x=−a−b2∈Fxy=ac+2bd+(ad+bc)2∈Fx−1=a+b21=a2−2b2a−b2∈F
2.Let F F F be the field of complex numbers. Are the following two systems of linear equations equivalent? If so, express each equation in each system as a linear combination of the equations in the other system.
x 1 − x 2 = 0 3 x 1 + x 2 = 0 2 x 1 + x 2 = 0 x 1 + x 2 = 0 \begin{aligned}x_1-x_2&=0\quad\quad 3x_1+x_2&=0\\2x_1+x_2&=0\quad\quad x_1+x_2&=0\end{aligned} x1−x22x1+x2=03x1+x2=0x1+x2=0=0
Solution:They are equivalent, since
3 x 1 + x 2 = 1 / 3 ( x 1 − x 2 ) + 4 / 3 ( 2 x 1 + x 2 ) x 1 + x 2 = − 1 / 3 ( x 1 − x 2 ) + 2 / 3 ( 2 x 1 + x 2 ) 3x_1+x_2=1/3 (x_1-x_2 )+4/3 (2x_1+x_2 )\\x_1+x_2=-1/3 (x_1-x_2 )+2/3 (2x_1+x_2 ) 3x1+x2=1/3(x1−x2)+4/3(2x1+x2)x1+x2=−1/3(x1−x2)+2/3(2x1+x2)
and
x 1 − x 2 = ( 3 x 1 + x 2 ) − 2 ( x 1 + x 2 ) 2 x 1 + x 2 = 1 / 2 ( 3 x 1 + x 2 ) + 1 / 2 ( x 1 + x 2 ) x_1-x_2=(3x_1+x_2 )-2(x_1+x_2)\\2x_1+x_2=1/2 (3x_1+x_2 )+1/2 (x_1+x_2 ) x1−x2=(3x1+x2)−2(x1+x2)2x1+x2=1/2(3x1+x2)+1/2(x1+x2)
3.Test the following systems of equations as in Exercise 2.
− x 1 + x 2 + 4 x 3 = 0 x 1 − x 3 = 0 x 1 + 3 x 2 + 8 x 3 = 0 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 0 1 2 x 1 + x 2 + 5 2 x 3 = 0 \begin{aligned}-x_1+x_2+4x_3&=0\quad\quad x_1-&&x_3&=0\\x_1+3x_2+8x_3&=0\quad\quad &x_2+3&x_3&=0\\ \frac{1}{2}x_1+x_2+\frac{5}{2}x_3&=0\end{aligned} −x1+x2+4x3x1+3x2+8x