1.2 System of Linear Equations

这一节与1.1 Fields一起,是一个基础知识介绍,主要概念包括field和subfield,system of m linear equations in n unknowns,以及什么是solution,什么是homogeneous system。
field需要满足9个条件,subfield则重点介绍的是复数域C上自成一域的集合。域的特征值是挺有意思的一个新概念,一般能遇到的field都是characteristic zero的。
在介绍方程组系统时,很快就引入了linear combination的概念,如果用线性空间的思维来看,equations in n unknowns with coefficients in F可以看作一个线性空间V,如果说一个方程是某个系统中方程的linear combination,那么这一方程处于这个系统在V中span的subfield,如果两个系统等价,按照文中定义,就是他们span成相同的subfield,因此解相同,这也是Theorem 1 的内容。并且,V中的任何一个subfield都对应着 F n F^n Fn里的一个subfield(即解空间solution space),当然按照1.2的内容还没法证明 V V V F n F^n Fn是不是同构(isomorphism)的。

Exercises

1.Verify that the set of complex numbers described in Example 4 is a subfield of C C C.

Solution:Let F = { x + y 2 : x , y ∈ Q } F=\{x+y\sqrt{2}:x,y∈Q\} F={ x+y2 :x,yQ}, then 0 = 0 + 0 2 , 1 = 1 + 0 2 0=0+0\sqrt{2},1=1+0\sqrt{2} 0=0+02 ,1=1+02 , thus 0 , 1 ∈ F 0,1∈F 0,1F, let x , y ∈ F x,y∈F x,yF, then x = a + b 2 , y = c + d 2 , a , b , c , d ∈ Q x=a+b\sqrt{2},y=c+d\sqrt{2},a,b,c,d∈Q x=a+b2 ,y=c+d2 ,a,b,c,dQ, so we have
x + y = a + c + ( b + d ) 2 ∈ F − x = − a − b 2 ∈ F x y = a c + 2 b d + ( a d + b c ) 2 ∈ F x − 1 = 1 a + b 2 = a − b 2 a 2 − 2 b 2 ∈ F x+y=a+c+(b+d)\sqrt{2}\in F\\-x=-a-b\sqrt{2}\in F \\ xy=ac+2bd+(ad+bc)\sqrt{2}\in F\\x^{-1}=\frac{1}{a+b\sqrt{2}}=\frac{a-b\sqrt{2}}{a^2-2b^2 }\in F x+y=a+c+(b+d)2 Fx=ab2 Fxy=ac+2bd+(ad+bc)2 Fx1=a+b2 1=a22b2ab2 F

2.Let F F F be the field of complex numbers. Are the following two systems of linear equations equivalent? If so, express each equation in each system as a linear combination of the equations in the other system.

x 1 − x 2 = 0 3 x 1 + x 2 = 0 2 x 1 + x 2 = 0 x 1 + x 2 = 0 \begin{aligned}x_1-x_2&=0\quad\quad 3x_1+x_2&=0\\2x_1+x_2&=0\quad\quad x_1+x_2&=0\end{aligned} x1x22x1+x2=03x1+x2=0x1+x2=0=0
Solution:They are equivalent, since
3 x 1 + x 2 = 1 / 3 ( x 1 − x 2 ) + 4 / 3 ( 2 x 1 + x 2 ) x 1 + x 2 = − 1 / 3 ( x 1 − x 2 ) + 2 / 3 ( 2 x 1 + x 2 ) 3x_1+x_2=1/3 (x_1-x_2 )+4/3 (2x_1+x_2 )\\x_1+x_2=-1/3 (x_1-x_2 )+2/3 (2x_1+x_2 ) 3x1+x2=1/3(x1x2)+4/3(2x1+x2)x1+x2=1/3(x1x2)+2/3(2x1+x2)
and
x 1 − x 2 = ( 3 x 1 + x 2 ) − 2 ( x 1 + x 2 ) 2 x 1 + x 2 = 1 / 2 ( 3 x 1 + x 2 ) + 1 / 2 ( x 1 + x 2 ) x_1-x_2=(3x_1+x_2 )-2(x_1+x_2)\\2x_1+x_2=1/2 (3x_1+x_2 )+1/2 (x_1+x_2 ) x1x2=(3x1+x2)2(x1+x2)2x1+x2=1/2(3x1+x2)+1/2(x1+x2)

3.Test the following systems of equations as in Exercise 2.

− x 1 + x 2 + 4 x 3 = 0 x 1 − x 3 = 0 x 1 + 3 x 2 + 8 x 3 = 0 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 0 1 2 x 1 + x 2 + 5 2 x 3 = 0 \begin{aligned}-x_1+x_2+4x_3&=0\quad\quad x_1-&&x_3&=0\\x_1+3x_2+8x_3&=0\quad\quad &x_2+3&x_3&=0\\ \frac{1}{2}x_1+x_2+\frac{5}{2}x_3&=0\end{aligned} x1+x2+4x3x1+3x2+8x

  • 1
    点赞
  • 4
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论
Dynamical Systems with Applications using MATLAB %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS USING MATLAB % % COPYRIGHT BIRKHAUSER 2004 STEPHEN LYNCH % % PUBLISHED June 2004 % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CONTENTS Preface 0. A Tutorial Introduction to MATLAB and the Symbolic Math Toolbox 0.1 Tutorial One: The Basics and the Symbolic Math Toolbox (1 Hour) 0.2 Tutorial Two: Plots and Differential Equations (1 Hour) 0.3 MATLAB Program Files, or M-Files 0.4 Hints for Programming 0.5 MATLAB Exercises 1. Linear Discrete Dynamical Systems 1.1 Recurrence Relations 1.2 The Leslie Model 1.3 Harvesting and Culling Policies 1.4 MATLAB Commands 1.5 Exercises 2. Nonlinear Discrete Dynamical Systems 2.1 The Tent Map and Graphical Iterations 2.2 Fixed Points and Periodic Orbits 2.3 The Logistic Map, Bifurcation Diagram, and Feigenbaum Number 2.4 Gaussian and Henon Maps 2.5 Applications 2.6 MATLAB Commands 2.7 Exercises 3. Complex Iterative Maps 3.1 Julia Sets and the Mandelbrot Set 3.2 Boundaries of Periodic Orbits 3.3 MATLAB Commands 3.4 Exercises 4. Electromagnetic Waves and Optical Resonators 4.1 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves 4.2 Historical Background of Optical Resonators 4.3 The Nonlinear Simple Fibre Ring Resonator 4.4 Chaotic Attractors and Bistability 4.5 Linear Stability Analysis 4.6 Instabilities and Bistability 4.7 MATLAB Commands 4.8 Exercises 5. Fractals and Multifractals 5.1 Construction of Simple Examples 5.2 Calculating Fractal Dimensions 5.3 A Multifractal Formalism 5.4 Multifractals in the Real World and Some Simple Examples 5.5 MATLAB Commands 5.6 Exercises 6. Controlling Chaos 6.1 Historical Background 6.2 Controlling Chaos in the Logistic Map 6.3 Controlling Chaos in the Henon Map 6.4 MATLAB Commands 6.5 Exercises 7. Differential Equations 7.1 Simple Differential Equations and Applications 7.2 Applications to Chemical Kinetics 7.3 Applications to Electric Circuits 7.4 Existence and Uniqueness Theorem 7.5 MATLAB Commands 7.6 Exercises 8. Planar Systems 8.1 Canonical Forms 8.2 Eigenvectors Defining Stable and Unstable Manifolds 8.3 Phase Portraits of Linear Systems in the Plane 8.4 Linearization and Hartman's Theorem 8.5 Constructing Phase Plane Diagrams 8.6 MATLAB Commands 8.7 Exercises 9. Interacting Species 9.1 Competing Species 9.2 Predator-Prey Models 9.3 Other Characteristics Affecting Interacting Species 9.4 MATLAB Commands 9.5 Exercises 10. Limit Cycles 10.1 Historical Background 10.2 Existence and Uniqueness of Limit Cycles in the Plane 10.3 Non-Existence of Limit Cycles in the Plane 10.4 Exercises 11. Hamiltonian Systems, Lyapunov Functions, and Stability 11.1 Hamiltonian Systems in the Plane 11.2 Lyapunov Functions and Stability 11.3 MATLAB Commands 11.4 Exercises 12. Bifurcation Theory 12.1 Bifurcations of Nonlinear Systems in the Plane 12.2 Multistability and Bistability 12.3 MATLAB Commands 12.4 Exercises 13. Three-Dimensional Autonomous Systems and Chaos 13.1 Linear Systems and Canonical Forms 13.2 Nonlinear Systems and Stability 13.3 The Rossler System and Chaos 13.4 The Lorenz Equations, Chua's Circuit, and the Belousov-Zhabotinski Reaction 13.5 MATLAB Commands 13.6 Exercises 14. Poincare Maps and Nonautonomous Systems in the Plane 14.1 Poincare Maps 14.2 Hamiltonian Systems with Two Degrees of Freedom 14.3 Nonautonomous Systems in the Plane 14.4 MATLAB Commands 14.5 Exercises 15. Local and Global Bifurcations 15.1 Small-Amplitude Limit Cycle Bifurcations 15.2 Melnikov Integrals and Bifurcating Limit Cycles from a Center 15.3 Homoclinic Bifurcations 15.4 MATLAB Commands 15.5 Exercises 16. The Second Part of David Hilbert's 16'th Problem 16.1 Stateme

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值