8. The Inverse Function Theorem

这一节和下一节讨论的是两个比较特殊的多元微分情景，即反函数和隐函数，本节的主要结论是只要导数$Df(x)$是非奇异的，那么$f$有一个可微的反函数$g$。作者将过程分成了三个定理逐步证明。

Exercises

Exercise 1. Let $f:{\mathbf{R}}^2\to {\mathbf{R}}^2$ be defined by the equation $f(x,y)=(x^2-y^2,2xy)$.
( a ) Show that $f$ is one-to-one on the set $A$ consisting of all $(x,y)$ with $x>0$.
( b ) What is the set $B=f(A)$?
( c ) If $g$ is the inverse function, find $Dg(0,1)$.
Solution:
( a ) Suppose $f(x,y)=f(a,b)$, in which $x>0,a>0$, then we know $x^2-y^2=a^2-b^2$ and $xy=ab$, also since $\Vert f(x,y)\Vert =\Vert f(a,b)\Vert$, we have $(x^2-y^2{)}^2+4x^2{y}^2=(a^2-b^2{)}^2+4a^2{b}^2$, thus $x^2+y^2=a^2+b^2$, together with $x^2-y^2=a^2-b^2$ we have $x^2=a^2$, and thus $x=a$, together with $xy=ab$ we get $y=b$, so $f$ is one-to-one.
( b ) Since A = { ( x , y ) : x > 0 } A=\{(x,y):x>0\} A={ (x,y):x>0}, we write $x=a\cos \theta ,y=a\sin \theta$, in which $a>0,\theta \in (-\pi /2,\pi /2)$, then $f(a,\theta )=(a^2\cos 2\theta ,a^2\sin 2\theta )$, in which $2\theta \in (-\pi ,\pi )$, thus we can never have $\cos 2\theta =-1$, also $\cos 2\theta$ and $\sin 2\theta$ cannot be $0$ simultaneously, we get B = R 2 − { ( x , 0 ) : x ≤ 0 } B=\mathbf{R}^2-\{(x,0):x\leq0\} B=R2−{ (x,0):x≤0}.
( c ) We have $Dg(0,1)=[Df(g(0,1)){]}^{-1}$, in which $g(0,1)=(x,y)$, which satisfies $f(x,y)=(0,1)$, solve it we get $x=y=1/\sqrt{2}$, as
D f ( x , y ) = [ 2 x 2 y − 2 y 2 x ] , D f ( 1 2 , 1 2 ) = [ 2 2 − 2 2 ] , [ D f ( 1 2 , 1 2 ) ] − 1 = 1 4 [ 2 − 2 2 2 ] Df(x,y)=\begin{bmatrix}2x&2y\\-2y&2x\end{bmatrix},\quad Df\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}},\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)=\begin{bmatrix}\sqrt{2}&\sqrt{2}\\-\sqrt{2}&\sqrt{2}\end{bmatrix},\quad \left[Df\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}},\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\right]^{-1}=\frac{1}{4}\begin{bmatrix}\sqrt{2}&-\sqrt{2}\\\sqrt{2}&\sqrt{2}\end{bmatrix} Df(x,y)=[2x−2y​2y2x​],Df(