克拉默规则
一个含有n个未知量n个方程的线性方程组,当它的系数的行列式值 D ≠ 0 D\neq 0 D=0时,有且仅有唯一解,
x j = D j D x_j = \frac{D_j}D xj=DDj
其中 D j D_j Dj是把D的第j列换成常数项。
证明
方程组为
∑ j = 1 n a i j x j = b i , ( i = 1 , 2 , . . , n ) \sum_{j=1}^na_{ij}x_j = b_i, \ (i=1,2,..,n) j=1∑naijxj=bi, (i=1,2,..,n)
取D按第k列分解的余子式 A i k ( i = 1 , 2 , . . , n ) A_{ik}(i=1,2,..,n) Aik(i=1,2,..,n),将它们分别与第1,2…,n个方程相乘,然后累加。得到
∑ i = 0 n b i A i k = ∑ i = 1 n ( ∑ j = 1 n a i j A i k x j ) = ∑ j = 1 n ( ∑ i = 1 n a i j A i k ) x j = ∑ i = 1 n a i k A i k x k + ∑ 1 ≤ j ≤ n , j ≠ k ( ∑ i = 1 n a i j A i k ) x j \sum_{i=0}^nb_iA_{ik} = \sum_{i=1}^n\left(\sum_{j=1}^na_{ij}A_{ik}x_j \right) = \sum_{j=1}^n\left(\sum_{i=1}^na_{ij}A_{ik}\right)x_j= \sum_{i=1}^na_{ik}A_{ik}x_k+ \sum_{1\leq j\leq n,j\neq k}\left(\sum_{i=1}^na_{ij}A_{ik}\right)x_j i=0∑nbiAik=i=1∑n(j=1∑na