1. 齐次方程问题
1. 定解问题:弦的自由振动
偏微分方程是线性齐次的、边界条件也是齐次的(双曲线类型)
流程:
(1)分离变量
令
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
X
(
x
)
T
(
t
)
u(x,t)=X(x)T(t)
u(x,t)=X(x)T(t),可得
X
T
′
′
−
a
2
X
′
′
T
=
0
XT''-a^2X''T=0
XT′′−a2X′′T=0,令
T
′
′
a
2
T
=
X
′
′
X
=
−
λ
\frac{T''}{a^2T}=\frac{X''}{X}=-\lambda
a2TT′′=XX′′=−λ可得:
(2)求解本征值
特征方程为:
r
2
+
λ
r
=
0
r^2+\lambda r=0
r2+λr=0
① 当
λ
<
0
,
λ
=
0
\lambda<0,\lambda =0
λ<0,λ=0时,方程只有零解,不合题意。
② 当
λ
>
0
\lambda>0
λ>0时
X
(
x
)
=
C
2
sin
n
π
x
l
X(x)=C_2\sin \frac{n \pi x}{l}
X(x)=C2sinlnπx
上解称为满足边界条件的固有解(特征解),
l
a
m
b
d
a
lambda
lambda称为特征值,
sin
\sin
sin函数为特征函数
(3)解出时间函数
将
λ
\lambda
λ值带入常微分方程
T
′
′
+
λ
a
2
T
=
0
T''+\lambda a^2T=0
T′′+λa2T=0可得:
T
′
′
+
(
n
π
a
l
)
2
T
=
0
T
(
t
)
=
A
cos
n
π
a
l
t
+
B
sin
n
π
a
l
t
T''+(\frac{n\pi a}{l})^2T=0\\ T(t)=A\cos \frac{n\pi a}{l}t+B\sin \frac{n \pi a}{l}t
T′′+(lnπa)2T=0T(t)=Acoslnπat+Bsinlnπat
(4)得到一族解
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
(
A
cos
n
π
a
l
t
+
B
sin
n
π
a
l
t
)
×
C
2
sin
n
π
x
l
u(x,t)=(A\cos \frac{n\pi a}{l}t+B\sin \frac{n \pi a}{l}t)\times C_2\sin \frac{n \pi x}{l}
u(x,t)=(Acoslnπat+Bsinlnπat)×C2sinlnπx
例题1
(1)分离变量
假设
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
X
(
x
)
T
(
t
)
u(x,t)=X(x)T(t)
u(x,t)=X(x)T(t),带入方程可得:
X
T
′
′
−
a
2
X
′
′
T
=
0
XT''-a^2X''T=0
XT′′−a2X′′T=0,令
T
′
′
a
2
T
=
X
′
′
X
=
−
λ
\frac{T''}{a^2 T}=\frac{X''}{X}=-\lambda
a2TT′′=XX′′=−λ可得:
T
′
′
+
λ
a
2
T
=
0
X
′
′
+
λ
X
=
0
T''+\lambda a^2T=0 \\ X''+\lambda X = 0
T′′+λa2T=0X′′+λX=0
(2)求解本征值
对于方程
X
T
′
′
−
a
2
X
′
′
T
=
0
XT''-a^2X''T=0
XT′′−a2X′′T=0,当
λ
>
0
\lambda>0
λ>0时,方程存在非零解
因此方程的通解为:
X
(
x
)
=
C
1
cos
λ
x
+
C
2
sin
λ
x
X(x)=C_1 \cos \sqrt{\lambda}x+C_2 \sin \sqrt{\lambda}x
X(x)=C1cosλx+C2sinλx,带入初始条件可得:
①
u
(
x
,
t
)
∣
x
=
0
=
X
(
0
)
T
(
t
)
=
0
→
X
(
0
)
=
0
u(x,t)|_{x=0}=X(0)T(t)=0 \to X(0)=0
u(x,t)∣x=0=X(0)T(t)=0→X(0)=0
因此:
X
(
0
)
=
C
1
=
0
X(0)=C_1=0
X(0)=C1=0
②
∂
u
∂
x
∣
x
=
l
=
0
\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}|_{x=l} =0
∂x∂u∣x=l=0
因此:
X
′
=
(
−
C
1
sin
λ
x
+
C
2
cos
λ
x
)
∣
x
=
l
=
C
2
cos
λ
l
=
0
X'=(-C_1 \sin \sqrt{\lambda}x+C_2 \cos \sqrt{\lambda}x)|_{x=l}=C_2 \cos \sqrt{\lambda}l=0
X′=(−C1sinλx+C2cosλx)∣x=l=C2cosλl=0
λ
=
(
2
n
+
1
)
2
π
2
4
l
2
\lambda = \frac{(2n+1)^2 \pi^2}{4l^2}
λ=4l2(2n+1)2π2
(3)解出时间函数
将
λ
\lambda
λ值带入常微分方程
T
′
′
+
λ
a
2
T
=
0
T''+\lambda a^2T=0
T′′+λa2T=0可得:
T
′
′
+
(
2
n
+
1
)
2
π
2
4
l
2
T
=
0
T
(
t
)
=
A
cos
(
2
n
+
1
)
π
2
l
t
+
B
sin
(
2
n
+
1
)
π
2
l
t
T''+\frac{(2n+1)^2 \pi^2}{4l^2}T=0 \\ T(t)=A\cos \frac{(2n+1) \pi}{2l}t+B\sin \frac{(2n+1) \pi}{2l}t
T′′+4l2(2n+1)2π2T=0T(t)=Acos2l(2n+1)πt+Bsin2l(2n+1)πt
(4)得到一族解
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
(
A
cos
(
2
n
+
1
)
π
2
l
t
+
B
sin
(
2
n
+
1
)
π
2
l
t
)
+
C
2
cos
(
2
n
+
1
)
π
2
l
x
u(x,t)=(A\cos \frac{(2n+1) \pi}{2l}t+B\sin \frac{(2n+1) \pi}{2l}t)+C_2 \cos \frac{(2n+1) \pi}{2l} x
u(x,t)=(Acos2l(2n+1)πt+Bsin2l(2n+1)πt)+C2cos2l(2n+1)πx
2. 定解问题:有限长杆上的热传导
流程
(1)分离变量
假设
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
X
(
x
)
T
(
t
)
u(x,t)=X(x)T(t)
u(x,t)=X(x)T(t),带入方程可得:
X
T
′
−
a
2
X
′
′
T
=
0
XT'-a^2X''T=0
XT′−a2X′′T=0,令
T
′
a
2
T
=
X
′
′
X
=
−
λ
\frac{T'}{a^2 T}=\frac{X''}{X}=-\lambda
a2TT′=XX′′=−λ可得:
T
′
+
λ
a
2
T
=
0
X
′
′
+
λ
X
=
0
T'+\lambda a^2T=0 \\ X''+\lambda X = 0
T′+λa2T=0X′′+λX=0
(2)求解本征值
对于方程
X
′
′
+
λ
X
=
0
X''+\lambda X = 0
X′′+λX=0,当
λ
>
0
\lambda>0
λ>0时,方程存在非零解
因此方程的通解为:
X
(
x
)
=
C
1
cos
λ
x
+
C
2
sin
λ
x
X(x)=C_1 \cos \sqrt{\lambda}x+C_2 \sin \sqrt{\lambda}x
X(x)=C1cosλx+C2sinλx,带入初始条件可得:
①
u
(
x
,
t
)
∣
x
=
0
=
X
(
0
)
T
(
t
)
=
0
→
X
(
0
)
=
0
u(x,t)|_{x=0}=X(0)T(t)=0 \to X(0)=0
u(x,t)∣x=0=X(0)T(t)=0→X(0)=0
因此:
X
(
0
)
=
C
1
=
0
X(0)=C_1=0
X(0)=C1=0
②
u
(
x
,
t
)
∣
x
=
l
=
X
(
l
)
T
(
t
)
=
0
→
X
(
l
)
=
0
u(x,t)|_{x=l}=X(l)T(t)=0 \to X(l)=0
u(x,t)∣x=l=X(l)T(t)=0→X(l)=0
因此:
X
(
l
)
=
C
1
cos
λ
l
+
C
2
sin
λ
l
=
0
X(l)=C_1 \cos \sqrt{\lambda}l+C_2 \sin \sqrt{\lambda}l=0
X(l)=C1cosλl+C2sinλl=0
λ
=
(
n
π
l
)
2
\lambda = (\frac{n\pi}{l})^2
λ=(lnπ)2
(3)解出时间函数
将
λ
\lambda
λ值带入常微分方程
T
′
+
λ
a
2
T
=
0
T'+\lambda a^2T=0
T′+λa2T=0可得:
T
′
+
(
n
π
a
l
)
2
=
0
T
(
t
)
=
D
e
−
n
2
π
2
a
2
t
l
2
T'+(\frac{n\pi a}{l})^2=0 \\ T(t)=De^{-\frac{n^2 \pi^2 a^2 t}{l^2}}
T′+(lnπa)2=0T(t)=De−l2n2π2a2t
(4)得到一族解
u
(
x
,
t
)
=
A
e
−
n
2
π
2
a
2
t
l
2
sin
n
π
a
l
x
u(x,t)=Ae^{-\frac{n^2 \pi^2 a^2 t}{l^2}} \sin \frac{n \pi a}{l}x
u(x,t)=Ae−l2n2π2a2tsinlnπax