竞价拍卖理论的介绍（RTB模型中使用第二竞价模型，为的是纳什平衡，保护所有多方利益）

英式拍卖

是最普通的拍卖方式，其形式是拍卖过程中，竞价按阶梯，从低到高，依次递增。最终由出价最高者获得拍卖物品（竞买人变成买受人）。

The first price auction:

a form ofauction, where bidders submit one bid in a concealed fashion. The person withthe highest bid wins the award, and pays the amount of his bid to the seller.This differs from a standard English auction in that bids are not open orcalled; bidders must submit valuations based upon supposed market value andtheir own willingness to pay — as opposed to engaging in competition throughrelative prices with other bidders

第一价格拍卖是一种“密封”式拍卖，并且买方出价是同时性，而非序惯性；众多买方以书面投标方式竞买拍卖品，出价最高者将以其出价水平获取拍卖品。第一价格拍卖的多单位同质商品的拍卖，称作“歧视性拍卖”，即不同单位的拍卖品由该单位的最高出价者以最高出价购买。在竞价过程中，竞买人不知道参加竞拍的总人数及标的价格，通常竞买人往往会比自己的估价要稍低一些。

The second price auction: （Vickreyauction）

a type ofsealed-bid auction, where bidders submit written bids without k