1.7 Java之封装性，构造器，this关键字和JavaBean

最新推荐文章于 2022-08-01 04:05:31 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-08-01 04:05:31 发布

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分类专栏： JAVA基础知识 Java学习笔记文章标签： Java 封装性 JavaBean import package

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/lwz45698752/article/details/80460677

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封装性

Java中通过将数据声明为私有的(private)，再提供公共的（public）方法:getXxx()和setXxx()实现对该属性的操作，

以实现下述目的：

隐藏一个类中不需要对外提供的实现细节；
使用者只能通过事先定制好的方法来访问数据，可以方便地加入
控制逻辑，限制对属性的不合理操作；
便于修改，增强代码的可维护性；

权限修饰符（❤）

类的权限修饰只可以用public和default(缺省)
public类可以在任意地方被访问
default类(缺省)只可以被同一个包内部的类访问

封装性实例

设置成员变量不符合取值范围，则抛出异常，不打印age值（符合逻辑，否则打印默认值，不符合逻辑）

构造器

特征：

1）它具有与类相同的名称

2）它不声明返回值类型。（与声明为void不同）

3）不能被static、final、synchronized、abstract、native修饰，不能有return语句，返回值（方法签名不声明返回值类型）

根据参数不同，分类如下：

1）隐式无参构造器（系统默认提供）

2）显式定义一个或多个构造器（无参、有参）

注意：

1）Java语言中，每个类都至少有一个构造器

2）默认构造器的修饰符与所属类的修饰符一致

3）一旦显式定义了构造器，则系统不再提供默认构造器

4）一个类可以创建多个重载的构造器

5）父类的构造器不可被子类继承

默认初始化指的是default值（不同数据类型对应不同default值），显式初始化指的是给类成员变量赋值（private int age = 20;）

构造器练习

1）

2）

package TestBanking;
/*
 * This class creates the program to test the banking classes.
 * It creates a new Bank, sets the Customer (with an initial balance),
 * and performs a series of transactions with the Account object.
 */

import banking1.*;

public class TestBanking2 {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Customer customer;
    Account  account;
     account = new Account(500.00);
    customer = new Customer("jane","smith");// Create an account that can has a 500.00 balance.
    System.out.println("Creating the customer Jane Smith.");
    customer.setAccount(account);//code
    System.out.println("Creating her account with a 500.00 balance.");
    customer.getAccount().withdraw(150.00);//code
    System.out.println("Withdraw 150.00");
    customer.getAccount().deposit(22.50);
	//code
    System.out.println("Deposit 22.50");
    customer.getAccount().withdraw(47.62);//code
    System.out.println("Withdraw 47.62");
   	//code
    // Print out the final account balance
    System.out.println("Customer [" + customer.getLastName()
		       + ", " + customer.getFirstName()
		       + "] has a balance of " + account.getBalance());
  }
}

上图 account.getBalance() 最好改成 customer.getAccount.getBalance()，原因见下面的内存结构图

acct指setAcount方法中的局部变量

ALT+/:表示代码提示

3）

修改 withdraw 方法以返回一个布尔值，指示交易是否成功

package banking4;


public class Account {
	private double balance;
	
	public Account(double init_balance){
		balance = init_balance;
	}
	
	public double getBalance(){
		return balance;
	}
	
	public boolean deposit(double amt){
		 balance += amt;
		 return true;
	}
	
	public boolean withdraw(double amt){
		if(balance >= amt){
			balance -= amt;
			return true;
		}else{
			  System.out.println("余额不足");
			  return false;
		}
	}
}

package banking4;

public class Customer {
	private String firstName;
	private String lastName;
	private Account account;
	
	public Customer(String f,String l){
		firstName = f;
		lastName = l;
	}

	public String getFirstName() {
		return firstName;
	}

	public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
		this.firstName = firstName;
	}

	public String getLastName() {
		return lastName;
	}

	public void setLastName(String lastName) {
		this.lastName = lastName;
	}

	public Account getAccount() {
		return account;
	}

	public void setAccount(Account acct) {
		this.account = acct;
	}	

}

4）

将用数组实现银行与客户间的多重关系

package TestBanking;
/*
 * This class creates the program to test the banking classes.
 * It creates a new Bank, sets the Customer (with an initial balance),
 * and performs a series of transactions with the Account object.
 */

import banking4.*;

public class TestBanking4 {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Bank     bank = new Bank();
    bank.addCustomer("J","Simms");
    // Add Customer Jane, Simms
    bank.addCustomer("O","Simms");//code
    //Add Customer Owen, Bryant
    bank.addCustomer("T","Simms");//code
    // Add Customer Tim, Soley
    bank.addCustomer("M","Simms");//code
    // Add Customer Maria, Soley
	//code
    for ( int i = 0; i < bank.getNumberOfCustomers(); i++ ) {
      Customer customer = bank.getCustomer(i);

      System.out.println("Customer [" + (i+1) + "] is "
			 + customer.getLastName()
			 + ", " + customer.getFirstName());
    }
  }
}

package banking4;

public class Bank {
 private Customer[] customers;
 private int numberOfCustomer;
 
 public Bank(){
	customers = new Customer[5]; 
 }
 
 public void addCustomer(String f,String l){
	 Customer cust = new Customer(f,l);
	 customers[numberOfCustomer] = cust;
         numberOfCustomer++;
 }

public int getNumberOfCustomers() {
	return numberOfCustomer;
}

public Customer getCustomer(int index){
	return customers[index];
}
}

创建Bank类的对象的内存结构图如下