C++知识点（19) 纯虚函数与抽象基类

test.h

#ifndef TEST
#define TEST
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape//抽象基类,包含一个或一个以上纯虚函数
{
private:
    /* data */
public:

    virtual float area() const {return 0.0;}//虚函数
    virtual float volume() const {return 0.0;}//虚函数
    virtual void shapeName() const=0;//纯虚函数
};
class Point:public Shape//point 是Shape的公用派生类
{
private:
    /* data */
protected:
    float x,y;
public:

    Point(float=0,float=0);
    void setPoint(float,float);
    float getX() const {return x;}
    float getY() const {return y;}
    virtual void shapeName() const {cout<<"Point:";}
    friend ostream & operator<<(ostream &,const Point &);//运算符重载
};
class Circle:public Point
{
private:
    /* data */
protected:
    float radius;
public:

    Circle(float x=0,float y=0,float r=0);
    void setRadius(float);
    float getRaidus() const;
    virtual float area() const;
    virtual void shapeName() const {cout<<"Circle:";}
    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& ,const Circle&);

};
class Cylinder:public Circle
{
private:
    /* data */
protected:
    float height;
public:

    Cylinder(float x=0,float y=0,float r=0,float h=0);
    void setHight(float);
    virtual float area() const;
    virtual float volume() const;
    virtual void shapeName() const {cout<<"Cylinder:";}
    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&,Cylinder&);
};
#endif

test.cpp

#include"test.h"
Point::Point(float a,float b)
{
    x=a;
    y=b;
}
void Point::setPoint(float a,float b)
{
    x=a;
    y=b;
}
ostream& operator<<(ostream& output,const Point& p)
{
    output<<"["<<p.x<<","<<p.y<<"]";
    return output;
}
Circle::Circle(float a,float b,float c):Point(a,b),radius(c)
{

}
void Circle::setRadius(float r)
{
    radius=r;
}
float Circle::getRaidus() const
{
    return radius;
}
float Circle::area() const
{
    return 3.14*radius*radius;
}
ostream& operator<<(ostream& output,const Circle& c)
{
    output<<"["<<c.x<<","<<c.y<<"],r="<<c.radius;
    return output;
}
Cylinder::Cylinder(float a,float b,float r,float h):Circle(a,b,r),height(h){}
void Cylinder::setHight(float h)
{
    height=h;
}
 float Cylinder::area() const
 {
     return 2*Circle::area()+2*3.14*radius*radius;
 }
 float Cylinder::volume() const
 {
     return Circle::area()*height;
 }
 ostream& operator<<(ostream& output,Cylinder& cy)
 {
     output<<"["<<cy.x<<","<<cy.y<<"],r="<<cy.radius<<","<<cy.height;
     return output;
 }

main.cpp

#include"test.h"
int main()
{
    Point point(3.2,4.5);
    Circle circle(2.4,1.2,5.6);
    Cylinder cylinder(3.5,6.4,5.2,10.5);
    point.shapeName();
    std::cout<<point<<std::endl;
    circle.shapeName();
    std::cout<<circle<<std::endl;
    cylinder.shapeName();
    std::cout<<cylinder<<std::endl;
    Shape *pt;
    pt=&point;
    pt->shapeName();
    pt=&circle;
    pt->shapeName();
    pt=&cylinder;
    pt->shapeName();
    return 0;
}

主函数中先后用静态关联和动态关联输出结果。
分别定义Point类对象point,Cirlce 类对象circle，Cylinder类对象cyliner。分别通过对象名去调用shapeName()，这属于静态关联，在编译阶段可以确定应该调用哪个类的shapeName().
定义一个指向基类Shape对象的指针变量pt，使其先后指向3个派生对象，然后通过指针调用shapeName()，这是通过动态关联分别确定应该调用哪个类的shapeName().