5.7 QR分解三:Givens旋转

Givens矩阵

  Givens矩阵有三个参数组成, i , j , θ i,j,\theta i,j,θ.它长这样:
G ( i , j , θ ) = ( I 0 0 0 0 0 cos ⁡ ( θ ) 0 sin ⁡ ( θ ) 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 − sin ⁡ ( θ ) 0 cos ⁡ ( θ ) 0 0 0 0 0 I ) G(i,j,\theta)=\begin{pmatrix} I & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \cos(\theta) & 0 & \sin(\theta) & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & I & 0 & 0\\ 0 & -\sin(\theta) & 0 & \cos(\theta) & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & I \end{pmatrix}\\ G(i,j,θ)= I00000cos(θ)0sin(θ)000I000sin(θ)0cos(θ)00000I
  如果角度不好计算也可以把 cos ⁡ θ \cos \theta cosθ sin ⁡ θ \sin \theta sinθ改成 c , s c,s c,s,于是Given矩阵就由四个参数定义:
G ( i , j , c , s ) = ( I 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 s 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 − s 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 I ) G(i,j,c,s)=\begin{pmatrix} I & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & c & 0 & s & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & I & 0 & 0\\ 0 & -s & 0 & c & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & I \end{pmatrix}\\ G(i,j,c,s)= I00000c0s000I000s0c00000I
  整个矩阵除了对角线和 a i i , a i j , a j i , a j j a_{ii},a_{ij},a_{ji},a_{jj} aii,aij,aji,ajj,其余位置都是0。对角线上除了第 i i i行和第 j j j行,其余位置都是1.
  Givens矩阵和Householder差不多,都可以把向量变成第一个坐标为它的长度,其余坐标变成0.不同的是这样变,只需要一个Householder矩阵,而Givens变换需要多个Givens矩阵。

旋转到标准基

  回忆利用Householder变换进行QR分解就是将向量投影到标准基上。Givens旋转也是一样,不过旋转比较麻烦。把任意向量x旋转到标准基 e 1 e_1 e1上,这个旋转变换是 n n n个Givens矩阵的乘积。乘积的每一项定义如下:
T 1 i = G ( 1 , i , ∑ j = 1 i − 1 x j 2 ∑ j = 1 i x j 2 , a i ∑ j = 1 i x j 2 ) T_{1i}=G(1,i,\frac{\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{i-1}x_j^2}}{\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{i}x_j^2}},\frac{a_i}{\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{i}x_j^2}}) T1i=G(1,i,j=1ixj2 j=1i1xj2 ,j=1ixj2 ai)
  把所有的这些Givens矩阵倒序乘起来得到一个矩阵:
T = ∏ i = n 2 T 1 i T=\prod_{i=n}^2T_{1i} T=i=n2T1i
  这个矩阵乘以向量会把向量旋转到 e 1 e_1 e1方向,也就是第一个坐标为向量的长度,其余坐标为0.说得这么多不如举个例子:
x = ( 3 4 3   4 5 ) x=\begin{pmatrix}3\\ 4\\ 3\ 4\\ 5\\ \end{pmatrix} x= 343 45
  分解步骤:
T 12 = ( 0.6 0.8 0 0 0 − 0.8 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 ) T 13 = ( 0.857 0 0.514 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 − 0.514 0 0.857 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 ) T 14 = ( 0.825 0 0 0.566 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 − 0.566 0 0 0.825 0 0 0 0 0 1 ) T 15 = ( 0.816 0 0 0 0.577 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 − 0.577 0 0 0 0.816 ) T = T 15 T 14 T 13 T 12 = ( 0.346 0.462 0.346 0.462 0.577 − 0.8 0.6 0 0 0 − 0.309 − 0.412 0.857 0 0 − 0.291 − 0.388 − 0.291 0.825 0 − 0.245 − 0.327 − 0.245 − 0.327 0.816 ) T x = ( 8.66 0 0 0 0 ) T_{12}=\begin{pmatrix}0.6 & 0.8 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ -0.8 & 0.6 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ T_{13}=\begin{pmatrix}0.857 & 0 & 0.514 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ -0.514 & 0 & 0.857 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ T_{14}=\begin{pmatrix}0.825 & 0 & 0 & 0.566 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ -0.566 & 0 & 0 & 0.825 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ T_{15}= \begin{pmatrix}0.816 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.577\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ -0.577 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.816\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ T=T_{15}T_{14}T_{13}T_{12}=\begin{pmatrix}0.346 & 0.462 & 0.346 & 0.462 & 0.577\\ -0.8 & 0.6 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ -0.309 & -0.412 & 0.857 & 0 & 0\\ -0.291 & -0.388 & -0.291 & 0.825 & 0\\ -0.245 & -0.327 & -0.245 & -0.327 & 0.816\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ Tx=\begin{pmatrix}8.66\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \end{pmatrix} T12= 0.60.80000.80.6000001000001000001 T13= 0.85700.51400010000.51400.857000001000001 T14= 0.825000.566001000001000.566000.825000001 T15= 0.8160000.5770100000100000100.5770000.816 T=T15T14T13T12= 0.3460.80.3090.2910.2450.4620.60.4120.3880.3270.34600.8570.2910.2450.462000.8250.3270.5770000.816 Tx= 8.660000

QR分解步骤

  思想和Householder变换一样,按列循环,对于第一列找到一个 T 1 T_1 T1把矩阵的第一列变成上三角矩阵的第一列。对于第二列,就用同样的办法,生成Givens矩阵,连乘起来变成变换阵,把第二行以下的数字变成0,但是这个时候Givens矩阵的 c , s c,s c,s参数的计算方式要变了,变成这个样子:
T k i = G ( k , i , ∑ j = k i − 1 x j 2 ∑ j = k i x j 2 , a i ∑ j = k i x j 2 ) T_{ki}=G(k,i,\frac{\sqrt{\sum_{j=k}^{i-1}x_j^2}}{\sqrt{\sum_{j=k}^{i}x_j^2}},\frac{a_i}{\sqrt{\sum_{j=k}^{i}x_j^2}}) Tki=G(k,i,j=kixj2 j=ki1xj2 ,j=kixj2 ai)
  还是以这个向量为例子,通过一系列Givens矩阵可以将其第二行以下变成0:
T 23 = ( 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.6 0 0 0 − 0.6 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 ) T 24 = ( 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.781 0 0.625 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 − 0.625 0 0.781 0 0 0 0 0 1 ) T 25 = ( 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.788 0 0 0.615 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 − 0.615 0 0 0.788 ) T 2 = T 25 T 24 T 23 = ( 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.492 0.369 0.492 0.615 0 − 0.6 0.8 0 0 0 − 0.5 − 0.375 0.781 0 0 − 0.384 − 0.288 − 0.384 0.788 ) T 2 x = ( 3 8.124 0 0 0 ) T_{23}=\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0.8 & 0.6 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & -0.6 & 0.8 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ T_{24}=\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0.781 & 0 & 0.625 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & -0.625 & 0 & 0.781 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ T_{25}= \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0.788 & 0 & 0 & 0.615\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & -0.615 & 0 & 0 & 0.788\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ T_2=T_{25}T_{24}T_{23}=\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0.492 & 0.369 & 0.492 & 0.615\\ 0 & -0.6 & 0.8 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & -0.5 & -0.375 & 0.781 & 0\\ 0 & -0.384 & -0.288 & -0.384 & 0.788\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ T_2x=\begin{pmatrix}3\\ 8.124\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \end{pmatrix} T23= 1000000.80.60000.60.8000001000001 T24= 1000000.78100.62500010000.62500.781000001 T25= 1000000.788000.615001000001000.615000.788 T2=T25T24T23= 1000000.4920.60.50.38400.3690.80.3750.28800.49200.7810.38400.615000.788 T2x= 38.124000
  所以完整的QR分解就是这样按列迭代。但是要注意的是这一系列迭代是这样的过程:
T n − 1 ⋯ T 1 A = R A = T 1 − 1 T 2 − 1 ⋯ T n − 1 − 1 R = Q R T_{n-1}\cdots T_1A=R\\ A=T_1^{-1}T_2^{-1}\cdots T_{n-1}^{-1}R=QR Tn1T1A=RA=T11T21Tn11R=QR
  Givens矩阵是正交阵,他们的乘积也是正交阵,所以有:
T i − 1 = T i T T_i^{-1}=T_i^T Ti1=TiT
  所以有:
Q = T 1 T T 2 T ⋯ T n − 1 T Q=T_1^TT_2^T\cdots T_{n-1}^T Q=T1TT2TTn1T

Python代码

  经过上述讲解,代码写起来就容易了,最终代码如下:

   @staticmethod
    def givens_matrix(n, i, j, c, s):
        array = Matrix.unit_matrix(n)
        array[i][i] = c
        array[j][j] = c

        array[i][j] = -s
        array[j][i] = s

        return Matrix(array)

    @staticmethod
    def get_givens_matrix(vector, line, i):
        sum_vector = 0
        for j in range(line, i):
            sum_vector += vector[j] * vector[j]
        numerator = math.sqrt(sum_vector)
        vector_i_pow = vector[i] * vector[i]
        denominator = math.sqrt(sum_vector + vector_i_pow)
        alpha = numerator / denominator
        beta = math.sqrt(vector_i_pow) / denominator
        return Matrix.givens_matrix(len(vector), line, i, alpha, beta)

    @staticmethod
    def get_givens_rotator(vector, line):
        rotator = Matrix(Matrix.unit_matrix(len(vector)))
        n = len(vector)
        for i in range(n - 1, line, -1):
            givens_matrix = Matrix.get_givens_matrix(vector, line, i)
            rotator = rotator * givens_matrix
        return rotator

    def givens_qr(self):
        n = len(self.__vectors)
        r = self
        q = Matrix(Matrix.unit_matrix(n))
        for i in range(n-1):
            vector = r.__vectors[i]
            givens = Matrix.get_givens_rotator(vector, i)
            # 正交矩阵的逆矩阵就是它的转置矩阵
            q = q * givens.transpose_matrix()
            r = givens * r
        return q, r

测试例子

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