Tensorflow有许多内置的优化器、损失和度量都可用。一般来说,你不必从头开始创建自己的损失、指标或优化器,因为你需要的东西很可能已经是Keras API的一部分。
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
# Preprocess the data (these are NumPy arrays)
x_train = x_train.reshape(60000, 784).astype("float32") / 255
x_test = x_test.reshape(10000, 784).astype("float32") / 255
y_train = y_train.astype("float32")
y_test = y_test.astype("float32")
# Reserve 10,000 samples for validation
x_val = x_train[-10000:]
y_val = y_train[-10000:]
x_train = x_train[:-10000]
y_train = y_train[:-10000]
# 自定义模型函数
def get_uncompiled_model():
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(784,), name="digits")
x = layers.Dense(64, activation="relu", name="dense_1")(inputs)
x = layers.Dense(64, activation="relu", name="dense_2")(x)
outputs = layers.Dense(10, activation="softmax", name="predictions")(x)
model = keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs)
return model
def get_compiled_model():
model = get_uncompiled_model()
model.compile(
optimizer="rmsprop",
loss="sparse_categorical_crossentropy",
metrics=["sparse_categorical_accuracy"],
)
return model
### 1.自定义模型损失函数
def custom_mean_squared_error(y_true, y_pred):
return tf.math.reduce_mean(tf.square(y_true - y_pred))
model = get_uncompiled_model()
model.compile(optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(), loss=custom_mean_squared_error)
# We need to one-hot encode the labels to use MSE
y_train_one_hot = tf.one_hot(y_train, depth=10)
model.fit(x_train, y_train_one_hot, batch_size=64, epochs=1)
### 2. 自定义损失函数类
class CustomMSE(keras.losses.Loss):
def __init__(self, regularization_factor=0.1, name="custom_mse"):
super().__init__(name=name)
self.regularization_factor = regularization_factor
def call(self, y_true, y_pred):
mse = tf.math.reduce_mean(tf.square(y_true - y_pred))
reg = tf.math.reduce_mean(tf.square(0.5 - y_pred))
return mse + reg * self.regularization_factor
model = get_uncompiled_model()
model.compile(optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(), loss=CustomMSE())
model.fit(x_train, y_train_one_hot, batch_size=64, epochs=1)
### 3. 自定义模型评价类
class CategoricalTruePositives(keras.metrics.Metric):
def __init__(self, name="categorical_true_positives", **kwargs):
super(CategoricalTruePositives, self).__init__(name=name, **kwargs)
self.true_positives = self.add_weight(name="ctp", initializer="zeros")
def update_state(self, y_true, y_pred, sample_weight=None):
y_pred = tf.reshape(tf.argmax(y_pred, axis=1), shape=(-1, 1))
values = tf.cast(y_true, "int32") == tf.cast(y_pred, "int32")
values = tf.cast(values, "float32")
if sample_weight is not None:
sample_weight = tf.cast(sample_weight, "float32")
values = tf.multiply(values, sample_weight)
self.true_positives.assign_add(tf.reduce_sum(values))
def result(self):
return self.true_positives
def reset_state(self):
# The state of the metric will be reset at the start of each epoch.
self.true_positives.assign(0.0)
model = get_uncompiled_model()
model.compile(
optimizer=keras.optimizers.RMSprop(learning_rate=1e-3),
loss=keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(),
metrics=[CategoricalTruePositives()],
)
model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=64, epochs=3)
### 4.模型训练时使用validation数据集
model = get_compiled_model()
# Prepare the training dataset
train_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_train, y_train))
train_dataset = train_dataset.shuffle(buffer_size=1024).batch(64)
# Prepare the validation dataset
val_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_val, y_val))
val_dataset = val_dataset.batch(64)
history = model.fit(train_dataset,
epochs=3,
# Only run validation using the first 10 batches of the dataset
# using the `validation_steps` argument
validation_data=val_dataset,
validation_steps=10)
print(history.history)
### 5.多输入多输出模型
image_input = keras.Input(shape=(32, 32, 3), name="img_input")
timeseries_input = keras.Input(shape=(None, 10), name="ts_input")
x1 = layers.Conv2D(3, 3)(image_input)
x1 = layers.GlobalMaxPooling2D()(x1)
x2 = layers.Conv1D(3, 3)(timeseries_input)
x2 = layers.GlobalMaxPooling1D()(x2)
x = layers.concatenate([x1, x2])
score_output = layers.Dense(1, name="score_output")(x)
class_output = layers.Dense(5, name="class_output")(x)
model = keras.Model(
inputs=[image_input, timeseries_input], outputs=[score_output, class_output]
)
model.compile(
optimizer=keras.optimizers.RMSprop(1e-3),
loss={
"score_output": keras.losses.MeanSquaredError(),
"class_output": keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(),
},
metrics={
"score_output": [
keras.metrics.MeanAbsolutePercentageError(),
keras.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError(),
],
"class_output": [keras.metrics.CategoricalAccuracy()],
},
loss_weights={"score_output": 2.0, "class_output": 1.0},
)
# Generate dummy NumPy data
import numpy as np
img_data = np.random.random_sample(size=(100, 32, 32, 3))
ts_data = np.random.random_sample(size=(100, 20, 10))
score_targets = np.random.random_sample(size=(100, 1))
class_targets = np.random.random_sample(size=(100, 5))
# Fit on lists
model.fit([img_data, ts_data], [score_targets, class_targets], batch_size=32, epochs=1)
# Alternatively, fit on dicts
model.fit(
{"img_input": img_data, "ts_input": ts_data},
{"score_output": score_targets, "class_output": class_targets},
batch_size=32,
epochs=1,
)
### 6.使用回调
# Keras中的回调是在训练过程中的不同点(在一个历时的开始,在一个批次的结束,在一个历时的结束,等等)被调用的对象。
# 它们可以被用来实现某些行为,比如:
# 在训练过程中的不同点进行验证(超出内置的每周期验证)。
# 每隔一段时间或当模型超过某个精度阈值时对其进行检查。
# 当训练似乎趋于平稳时,改变模型的学习率
# 当训练似乎趋于平稳时,对顶层进行微调
# 当训练结束或超过某个性能阈值时,发送电子邮件或即时信息通知等等。
model = get_compiled_model()
callbacks = [
keras.callbacks.EarlyStopping(
# Stop training when `val_loss` is no longer improving
monitor="val_loss",
# "no longer improving" being defined as "no better than 1e-2 less"
min_delta=1e-2,
# "no longer improving" being further defined as "for at least 2 epochs"
patience=2,
verbose=1,
)
]
model.fit(
x_train,
y_train,
epochs=20,
batch_size=64,
callbacks=callbacks,
validation_split=0.2,
)
参考:
https://tensorflow.google.cn/guide/keras/train_and_evaluate?hl=en