sinx/x在0到+∞的积分

收敛性

$F(x)={\int }_0^x\sin x\mathrm{d}x在\left[0,+\infty \right)$上有界,

$G(x)=\frac{1}{x}在\left[0,+\infty \right)$上单调，$\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }G(x)=0$

所以由狄利克雷判别法${\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}\mathrm{d}x$收敛

方法1

先$y$后$x$
$$\begin{array}{rl}& {\int }_0^{+\infty }\mathrm{d}x{\int }_0^{+\infty }{e}^{-xy}\sin x\mathrm{d}y\\ & ={\int }_0^{+\infty }{\frac{e^{-xy}\sin x}{-x}|}_0^{+\infty }\mathrm{d}x\\ & ={\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}\mathrm{d}x\end{array}$$
先$x$后$y$
$$\begin{array}{rl}& {\int }_0^{+\infty }\mathrm{d}x{\int }_0^{+\infty }{e}^{-xy}\sin x\mathrm{d}y\\ & {\int }_0^{+\infty }\mathrm{d}y{\int }_0^{+\infty }{e}^{-xy}\sin x\mathrm{d}x\\ & ={\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{1}{1+y^2}\mathrm{d}y\\ & ={\arcsin y|}_0^{+\infty }\\ & =\frac{\pi }{2}\end{array}$$
所以
$${\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\pi }{2}$$

方法2

$I(b)={\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}{e}^{-bx}\mathrm{d}x(b\ge 0)$
$$\begin{array}{rl}{I}^{\prime }(b)& ={\int }_0^{+\infty }-\sin x{e}^{-bx}\mathrm{d}x\\ & =-\frac{1}{1+b^2}\end{array}$$
$$\begin{gathered} I(b)={\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}{e}^{-bx}\mathrm{d}x=-\arctan b+C \\ \underset{b\to +\infty }{\lim }I(b)=0=-\frac{\pi }{2}+C\Rightarrow C=\frac{\pi }{2} \\ I(b)={\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}{e}^{-bx}\mathrm{d}x=-\arctan b+\frac{\pi }{2} \\ I(0)=\frac{\pi }{2} \end{gathered}$$
(其实一致收敛我不会证明）

方法3

构造围道

$$\begin{gathered} C_R:R{e}^{i\theta }(\theta \in \left[0,\pi \right]) \\ {C}_{\delta }:\delta e^{i\theta }(\theta \in \left[0,\pi \right]) \\ C:C_R+[-R,-\delta ]+C_{\delta }^{-}+[\delta ,R] \end{gathered}$$

$$\underset{R\to +\infty }{\lim }{\int }_{C_R}\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z+\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{R\to +\infty }{\delta \to 0}}{\lim }({\int }_{-R}^{-\delta }\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z+{\int }_{\delta }^R\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z)+\underset{\delta \to 0}{\lim }{\int }_{C_{\delta }^{-}}\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z=\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{R\to +\infty }{\delta \to 0}}{\lim }{\oint }_C\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z$$

根据柯西积分
$$\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{R\to +\infty }{\delta \to 0}}{\lim }{\oint }_C\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z=0$$
由小圆弧引理
$$\underset{\delta \to 0}{\lim }{\int }_{C_{\delta }^{-}}\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z=i(0-\pi )\underset{z\to 0}{\lim }z\frac{e^{iz}}{z}=-i\pi$$
由若尔当引理
$$\underset{R\to +\infty }{\lim }{\int }_{C_R}\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z=0$$
所以
$$\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{R\to +\infty }{\delta \to 0}}{\lim }({\int }_{-R}^{-\delta }\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z+{\int }_{\delta }^R\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z)={\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z=i\pi$$

$$\Rightarrow {\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}\mathrm{d}x=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}\mathrm{d}x=\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}{\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{e^{iz}}{z}\mathrm{d}z=\frac{\pi }{2}$$

方法4

$$f(t)=\{\begin{array}{ll}1,& \left|t\right|<1\\ 0,& \left|t\right|>1\end{array}$$
由傅立叶变换
$$F(\omega )={\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }f(t)e^{-j\omega t}\mathrm{d}t=\frac{-e^{-j\omega }+e^{j\omega }}{j\omega }=2\frac{\sin \omega }{\omega }$$
$$f(t)=\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }2\frac{\sin \omega }{\omega }{e}^{j\omega t}\mathrm{d}\omega =\frac{1}{\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{\sin \omega }{\omega }{e}^{j\omega t}\mathrm{d}\omega$$

$$\Rightarrow {\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{\sin \omega }{\omega }{e}^{j\omega t}\mathrm{d}\omega =\{\begin{array}{ll}\pi ,& \left|t\right|<1\\ 0,& \left|t\right|>1\end{array}$$

$$\Rightarrow {\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}\mathrm{d}x=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}\mathrm{d}x=f(0)=\frac{\pi }{2}$$

方法5

由拉普拉斯变换$L\left[\sin t\right]=\frac{1}{1+s^2}$

利用${\int }_s^{+\infty }F(s)\mathrm{d}s=\mathfrak{L}\left[\frac{f(t)}{t}\right]$
$$\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin t}{t}\mathrm{d}t& =\underset{s\to 0}{\lim }{\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin t}{t}{e}^{-st}\mathrm{d}t\\ & =\underset{s\to 0}{\lim }{\int }_s^{+\infty }\frac{1}{1+s^2}\mathrm{d}s\\ & ={\arctan s|}_0^{+\infty }\\ & =\frac{\pi }{2}\end{array}$$