ch.14. 谐振子量子计算机(续)
qubits的物理实现
对于一个逻辑单qubit而言,其基矢张成一个二维希尔伯特空间: H 2 = s p a n { ∣ 0 ⟩ L , ∣ 1 ⟩ L } \mathcal{H}_2=span\{|0\rang_L,\ |1\rang_L\} H2=span{∣0⟩L, ∣1⟩L}
其中,下标L表示“逻辑的(logical)”,逻辑上的基矢,可以由无限多种简单谐振子来表示,例如:
1、
∣
0
⟩
L
=
∣
0
⟩
|0\rang_L=|0\rang
∣0⟩L=∣0⟩,
∣
1
⟩
L
=
∣
1
⟩
|1\rang_L=|1\rang
∣1⟩L=∣1⟩,
E
1
=
3
2
ℏ
ω
E_1=\dfrac{3}{2}\hbar\omega
E1=23ℏω
2、
∣
0
⟩
L
=
∣
n
⟩
|0\rang_L=|n\rang
∣0⟩L=∣n⟩,
∣
1
⟩
L
=
∣
n
+
1
⟩
|1\rang_L=|n+1\rang
∣1⟩L=∣n+1⟩,
E
n
+
1
=
(
n
+
3
2
)
ℏ
ω
E_{n+1}=\left(n+\dfrac{3}{2}\right)\hbar\omega
En+1=(n+23)ℏω
3、
∣
0
⟩
L
=
∣
n
⟩
|0\rang_L=|n\rang
∣0⟩L=∣n⟩,
∣
1
⟩
L
=
∣
m
⟩
|1\rang_L=|m\rang
∣1⟩L=∣m⟩,
n
≠
m
n\neq m
n=m,
m
>
n
+
1
m>n+1
m>n+1,
E
m
=
(
m
+
3
2
)
ℏ
ω
E_m=\left(m+\dfrac{3}{2}\right)\hbar\omega
Em=(m+23)ℏω
尽管有无限多种表示的方法,但每一种表示的方法,所带来的能量消耗都是不同的。因此,在实践中, ∣ 0 ⟩ L = ∣ 0 ⟩ |0\rang_L=|0\rang ∣0⟩L=∣0⟩, ∣ 1 ⟩ L = ∣ 1 ⟩ |1\rang_L=|1\rang ∣1⟩L=∣1⟩是最佳选择(从能量消耗的角度来讲)
而对于两个qubit而言,则可以由下述等方式表示:
1、
∣
00
⟩
L
=
∣
0
⟩
|00\rang_L=|0\rang
∣00⟩L=∣0⟩,
∣
01
⟩
L
=
∣
1
⟩
|01\rang_L=|1\rang
∣01⟩L=∣1⟩,
∣
10
⟩
L
=
∣
2
⟩
|10\rang_L=|2\rang
∣10⟩L=∣2⟩,
∣
11
⟩
L
=
∣
3
⟩
|11\rang_L=|3\rang
∣11⟩L=∣3⟩
2、
∣
00
⟩
L
=
∣
0
⟩
|00\rang_L=|0\rang
∣00⟩L=∣0⟩,
∣
01
⟩
L
=
∣
2
⟩
|01\rang_L=|2\rang
∣01⟩L=∣2⟩,
∣
10
⟩
L
=
∣
4
⟩
|10\rang_L=|4\rang
∣10⟩L=∣4⟩,
∣
11
⟩
L
=
∣
1
⟩
|11\rang_L=|1\rang
∣11⟩L=∣1⟩
3、
∣
00
⟩
L
=
∣
0
⟩
|00\rang_L=|0\rang
∣00⟩L=∣0⟩,
∣
01
⟩
L
=
∣
2
⟩
|01\rang_L=|2\rang
∣01⟩L=∣2⟩,
∣
10
⟩
L
=
∣
4
⟩
+
∣
1
⟩
2
|10\rang_L=\dfrac{|4\rang+|1\rang}{\sqrt 2}
∣10⟩L=2∣4⟩+∣1⟩,
∣
11
⟩
L
=
∣
4
⟩
−
∣
1
⟩
2
|11\rang_L=\dfrac{|4\rang-|1\rang}{\sqrt 2}
∣11⟩L=2∣4⟩−∣1⟩
4、
∣
00
⟩
L
=
∣
0
⟩
|00\rang_L=|0\rang
∣00⟩L=∣0⟩,
∣
01
⟩
L
=
∣
4
⟩
+
∣
1
⟩
2
|01\rang_L=\dfrac{|4\rang+|1\rang}{\sqrt 2}
∣01⟩L=2∣4⟩+∣1⟩,
∣
10
⟩
L
=
∣
4
⟩
−
∣
1
⟩
2
|10\rang_L=\dfrac{|4\rang-|1\rang}{\sqrt 2}
∣10⟩L=2∣4⟩−∣1⟩,
∣
11
⟩
L
=
∣
2
⟩
|11\rang_L=|2\rang
∣11⟩L=∣2⟩
对于n个qubit而言,基矢张成维度为 2 n 2^n 2n的希尔伯特空间,可以由下述形式表示:
∣ 0 ⋯ 0 ⟩ L = ∣ 0 ⟩ |0\cdots0\rang_L=|0\rang ∣0⋯0⟩L=∣0⟩, ∣ 0 ⋯ 1 ⟩ L = ∣ 1 ⟩ |0\cdots 1\rang_L=|1\rang ∣0⋯1⟩L=∣1⟩, ∣ 00 ⋯ 10 ⟩ L = ∣ 2 ⟩ |00\cdots 10\rang_L=|2\rang ∣00⋯10⟩L=∣2⟩, ⋯ \cdots ⋯, ∣ 11 ⋯ 1 ⟩ L = ∣ 2 n − 1 ⟩ |11\cdots 1\rang_L=|2^n-1\rang ∣11⋯1⟩L=∣2n−1⟩
但这样带来的能量消耗为 E n = ( 2 n + 1 2 ) ℏ ω E_n=\left(2^n+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\hbar\omega En=(2n+21)ℏω,这个能量显然不是理想的。如果考虑对每一位qubit都单独使用 ∣ 0 ⟩ L , ∣ 1 ⟩ L |0\rang_L,\ |1\rang_L ∣0⟩L, ∣1⟩L进行表示,则可以将能量消耗减小为 n ⋅ 3 2 ℏ ω n\cdot\dfrac{3}{2}\hbar\omega n⋅23ℏω,这个量级 O ( n ) O(n) O(n)明显远小于 O ( 2 n ) O(2^n) O(2n)
单qubit量子门的物理实现
对于一个单qubit, ∣ 0 ⟩ L = ∣ 0 ⟩ |0\rang_L=|0\rang ∣0⟩L=∣0⟩, ∣ 1 ⟩ L = ∣ 1 ⟩ |1\rang_L=|1\rang ∣1⟩L=∣1⟩
( α β ) = ∣ ψ ( 0 ) ⟩ L = α ∣ 0 ⟩ L + β ∣ 1 ⟩ L \left(\begin{matrix}\alpha\\\beta\end{matrix}\right)=|\psi(0)\rang_L=\alpha|0\rang_L+\beta|1\rang_L (αβ)=∣ψ(0)⟩L=α∣0⟩L+β∣1⟩L
其中, ∣ α ∣ 2 + ∣ β ∣ 2 = 1 |\alpha|^2+|\beta|^2=1 ∣α∣2+∣β∣2=1,KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \C at position 19: …pha,\ \beta\in \̲C̲
而 ∣ ψ ( t ) ⟩ L = e − i ω t 2 ( α ∣ 0 ⟩ + β e − i ω t ∣ 1 ⟩ ) |\psi(t)\rang_L=e^{-\frac{i\omega t}{2}}(\alpha|0\rang+\beta e^{-i\omega t}|1\rang) ∣ψ(t)⟩L=e−2iωt(α∣0⟩+βe−iωt∣1⟩)
忽略全局相因子:
∣ ψ ( t ) ⟩ L = α ∣ 0 ⟩ + β e − i ω t ∣ 1 ⟩ = ( 1 0 0 e − i ω t ) ( α β ) ∣ ψ ( 0 ) ⟩ L \begin{aligned}|\psi(t)\rang_L&=\alpha|0\rang+\beta e^{-i\omega t}|1\rang\\ &=\left(\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\0 & e^{-i\omega t}\end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha \\ \beta\end{matrix}\right)|\psi(0)\rang_L\end{aligned} ∣ψ(t)⟩L=α∣0⟩+βe−iωt∣1⟩=(100e−iωt)(αβ)∣ψ(0)⟩L
酉矩阵为:
U ( t ) = ( 1 0 0 e − i ω t ) U(t)=\left(\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\ 0 & e^{-i\omega t}\end{matrix}\right) U(t)=(100e−iωt)
当 t = 3 π 2 ω t=\dfrac{3\pi}{2\omega} t=2ω3π时, U ( t ) = ( 1 0 0 i ) = S U(t)=\left(\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\ 0 & i\end{matrix}\right)=S U(t)=(100i)=S
当 t = 7 π 4 ω t=\dfrac{7\pi}{4\omega} t=4ω7π时, U ( t ) = ( 1 0 0 e i π / 4 ) = T U(t)=\left(\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\ 0 & e^{i\pi/4}\end{matrix}\right)=T U(t)=(100eiπ/4)=T
泡利X门的实现
∣ 0 ⟩ L = ∣ 0 ⟩ + ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 , ∣ 1 ⟩ L = ∣ 0 ⟩ − ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 |0\rang_L=\dfrac{|0\rang+|1\rang}{\sqrt 2},\ |1\rang_L=\dfrac{|0\rang-|1\rang}{\sqrt 2} ∣0⟩L=2∣0⟩+∣1⟩, ∣1⟩L=2∣0⟩−∣1⟩
∣ ψ ( 0 ) ⟩ L = α ∣ 0 ⟩ + ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 + β ∣ 0 ⟩ − ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 = α + β 2 ∣ 0 ⟩ + α − β 2 ∣ 1 ⟩ = ( α β ) L \begin{aligned}|\psi(0)\rang_L&=\alpha\dfrac{|0\rang+|1\rang}{\sqrt 2}+\beta\dfrac{|0\rang-|1\rang}{\sqrt 2}\\ &=\dfrac{\alpha+\beta}{\sqrt 2}|0\rang+\dfrac{\alpha-\beta}{\sqrt 2}|1\rang\\ &=\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha\\\beta\end{matrix}\right)_L\end{aligned} ∣ψ(0)⟩L=α2∣0⟩+∣1⟩+β2∣0⟩−∣1⟩=2α+β∣0⟩+2α−β∣1⟩=(αβ)L
∣ ψ ( t ) ⟩ L = ( α + β 2 ∣ 0 ⟩ + α − β 2 e − i ω t ∣ 1 ⟩ ) = ( α + β 2 × ∣ 0 ⟩ L + ∣ 1 ⟩ L 2 + α − β 2 e − i ω t ∣ 0 ⟩ L − ∣ 1 ⟩ L 2 ) = α + β 2 ( ∣ 0 ⟩ L + ∣ 1 ⟩ L ) + α − β 2 e − i ω t ( ∣ 0 ⟩ L − ∣ 1 ⟩ L ) = ( α + β 2 + α − β 2 e − i ω t α + β 2 − α − β 2 e − i ω t ) L = ( 1 + e − i ω t 2 α + 1 − e − i ω t 2 β 1 − e − i ω t 2 α + 1 + e − i ω t 2 β ) L = ( 1 + e − i ω t 2 1 − e − i ω t 2 1 − e − i ω t 2 1 + e − i ω t 2 ) ( α β ) L = U L ( t ) ∣ ψ ( 0 ) ⟩ L \begin{aligned}|\psi(t)\rang_L&=\left(\dfrac{\alpha+\beta}{\sqrt 2}|0\rang+\dfrac{\alpha-\beta}{\sqrt 2}e^{-i\omega t}|1\rang\right)\\ &=\left(\dfrac{\alpha+\beta}{\sqrt 2}\times \dfrac{|0\rang_L+|1\rang_L}{\sqrt 2}+\dfrac{\alpha-\beta}{\sqrt 2}e^{-i\omega t}\dfrac{|0\rang_L-|1\rang_L}{\sqrt 2}\right)\\ &=\dfrac{\alpha+\beta}{2}(|0\rang_L+|1\rang_L)+\dfrac{\alpha-\beta}{2}e^{-i\omega t}(|0\rang_L-|1\rang_L)\\ &=\left(\begin{matrix}\dfrac{\alpha+\beta}{2}+\dfrac{\alpha-\beta}{2}e^{-i\omega t}\\ \dfrac{\alpha+\beta}{2}-\dfrac{\alpha-\beta}{2}e^{-i\omega t}\end{matrix}\right)_L\\ &=\left(\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1+e^{-i\omega t}}{2}\alpha+\dfrac{1-e^{-i\omega t}}{2}\beta\\\dfrac{1-e^{-i\omega t}}{2}\alpha+\dfrac{1+e^{-i\omega t}}{2}\beta\end{matrix}\right)_L\\ &=\left(\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1+e^{-i\omega t}}{2} & \dfrac{1-e^{-i\omega t}}{2}\\\dfrac{1-e^{-i\omega t}}{2} & \dfrac{1+e^{-i\omega t}}{2}\end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{matrix}\alpha\\\beta\end{matrix}\right)_L\\ &=U_L(t)|\psi(0)\rang_L\end{aligned} ∣ψ(t)⟩L=(2α+β∣0⟩+2α−βe−iωt∣1⟩)=(2α+β×2∣0⟩L+∣1⟩L+2α−βe−iωt2∣0⟩L−∣1⟩L)=2α+β(∣0⟩L+∣1⟩L)+2α−βe−iωt(∣0⟩L−∣1⟩L)=⎝⎜⎛2α+β+2α−βe−iωt2α+β−2α−βe−iωt⎠⎟⎞L=⎝⎜⎛21+e−iωtα+21−e−iωtβ21−e−iωtα+21+e−iωtβ⎠⎟⎞L=⎝⎜⎛21+e−iωt21−e−iωt21−e−iωt21+e−iωt⎠⎟⎞(αβ)L=UL(t)∣ψ(0)⟩L
其中:
U L ( t ) = ( 1 + e − i ω t 2 1 − e − i ω t 2 1 − e − i ω t 2 1 + e − i ω t 2 ) L U_L(t)=\left(\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1+e^{-i\omega t}}{2} & \dfrac{1-e^{-i\omega t}}{2}\\\dfrac{1-e^{-i\omega t}}{2} & \dfrac{1+e^{-i\omega t}}{2}\end{matrix}\right)_L UL(t)=⎝⎜⎛21+e−iωt21−e−iωt21−e−iωt21+e−iωt⎠⎟⎞L
当 e − i ω t = − 1 e^{-i\omega t}=-1 e−iωt=−1时:
U L ( t ) = ( 0 1 1 0 ) U_L(t)=\left(\begin{matrix}0 & 1\\ 1 & 0\end{matrix}\right) UL(t)=(0110)
双qubit量子门的物理实现
∣ n ( t ) ⟩ = e − i ω t 2 e − i ω t n ∣ n ⟩ |n(t)\rang=e^{-\frac{i\omega t}{2}}e^{-i\omega tn}|n\rang ∣n(t)⟩=e−2iωte−iωtn∣n⟩
当 t = π ω t=\dfrac{\pi}{\omega} t=ωπ时, ∣ n ( t ) ⟩ = e − i ω 2 π ω e − i ω π ω n ∣ n ⟩ = − i ( − 1 ) n ∣ n ⟩ |n(t)\rang=e^{-i\frac{\omega}{2}\frac{\pi}{\omega}}e^{-i\omega\frac{\pi}{\omega}n}|n\rang=-i(-1)^n|n\rang ∣n(t)⟩=e−i2ωωπe−iωωπn∣n⟩=−i(−1)n∣n⟩
CNOT门的物理实现
∣ 00 ⟩ L = ∣ 0 ⟩ |00\rang_L=|0\rang ∣00⟩L=∣0⟩, ∣ 01 ⟩ L = ∣ 2 ⟩ |01\rang_L=|2\rang ∣01⟩L=∣2⟩, ∣ 10 ⟩ L = ∣ 4 ⟩ + ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 |10\rang_L=\dfrac{|4\rang+|1\rang}{\sqrt 2} ∣10⟩L=2∣4⟩+∣1⟩, ∣ 11 ⟩ L = ∣ 4 ⟩ − ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 |11\rang_L=\dfrac{|4\rang-|1\rang}{\sqrt 2} ∣11⟩L=2∣4⟩−∣1⟩
当 t = π ω t=\dfrac{\pi}{\omega} t=ωπ时, ( − 1 ) 0 ∣ 0 ⟩ = ∣ 00 ⟩ L (-1)^0|0\rang=|00\rang_L (−1)0∣0⟩=∣00⟩L, ( − 1 ) 2 ∣ 2 ⟩ = ∣ 01 ⟩ L (-1)^2|2\rang=|01\rang_L (−1)2∣2⟩=∣01⟩L, ( − 1 ) 4 ∣ 4 ⟩ + ( − 1 ) 1 ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 = ∣ 11 ⟩ L \dfrac{(-1)^4|4\rang+(-1)^1|1\rang}{\sqrt 2}=|11\rang_L 2(−1)4∣4⟩+(−1)1∣1⟩=∣11⟩L, ( − 1 ) 4 ∣ 4 ⟩ − ( − 1 ) 1 ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 = ∣ 10 ⟩ L \dfrac{(-1)^4|4\rang-(-1)^1|1\rang}{\sqrt 2}=|10\rang_L 2(−1)4∣4⟩−(−1)1∣1⟩=∣10⟩L
CZ门(控制-泡利-Z门)的物理实现
∣ 00 ⟩ L = ∣ 0 ⟩ |00\rang_L=|0\rang ∣00⟩L=∣0⟩, ∣ 01 ⟩ L = ∣ 2 ⟩ |01\rang_L=|2\rang ∣01⟩L=∣2⟩, ∣ 10 ⟩ L = ∣ 4 ⟩ |10\rang_L=|4\rang ∣10⟩L=∣4⟩, ∣ 11 ⟩ L = ∣ 1 ⟩ |11\rang_L=|1\rang ∣11⟩L=∣1⟩
当 t = π ω t=\dfrac{\pi}{\omega} t=ωπ时, ∣ 0 ⟩ = ∣ 00 ⟩ L |0\rang=|00\rang_L ∣0⟩=∣00⟩L, ∣ 2 ⟩ = ∣ 01 ⟩ L |2\rang=|01\rang_L ∣2⟩=∣01⟩L, ∣ 4 ⟩ = ∣ 10 ⟩ L |4\rang=|10\rang_L ∣4⟩=∣10⟩L, − ∣ 1 ⟩ = − ∣ 11 ⟩ L -|1\rang=-|11\rang_L −∣1⟩=−∣11⟩L
SWAP门的物理实现
∣ 00 ⟩ L = ∣ 0 ⟩ |00\rang_L=|0\rang ∣00⟩L=∣0⟩, ∣ 01 ⟩ L = ∣ 4 ⟩ + ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 |01\rang_L=\dfrac{|4\rang+|1\rang}{\sqrt 2} ∣01⟩L=2∣4⟩+∣1⟩, ∣ 10 ⟩ L = ∣ 4 ⟩ − ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 |10\rang_L=\dfrac{|4\rang-|1\rang}{\sqrt 2} ∣10⟩L=2∣4⟩−∣1⟩, ∣ 11 ⟩ L = ∣ 2 ⟩ |11\rang_L=|2\rang ∣11⟩L=∣2⟩
当 t = π ω t=\dfrac{\pi}{\omega} t=ωπ时, ∣ 00 ⟩ L = ∣ 0 ⟩ |00\rang_L=|0\rang ∣00⟩L=∣0⟩, ∣ 10 ⟩ L = ∣ 4 ⟩ + ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 |10\rang_L=\dfrac{|4\rang+|1\rang}{\sqrt 2} ∣10⟩L=2∣4⟩+∣1⟩, ∣ 01 ⟩ L = ∣ 4 ⟩ − ∣ 1 ⟩ 2 |01\rang_L=\dfrac{|4\rang-|1\rang}{\sqrt 2} ∣01⟩L=2∣4⟩−∣1⟩, ∣ 11 ⟩ L = ∣ 2 ⟩ |11\rang_L=|2\rang ∣11⟩L=∣2⟩