索引
- 含有 x 2 ± a 2 , a > 0 \sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}},\text{ }a>0 x2±a2, a>0的形式
- 31. ∫ 1 x 2 ± a 2 d x = ln ∣ x + x 2 ± a 2 ∣ + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\ln \left| x+\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}} \right|+C ∫x2±a21dx=ln∣∣x+x2±a2∣∣+C
- 32. ∫ x 2 x 2 ± a 2 d x = 1 2 ( x x 2 ± a 2 ∓ a 2 ln ∣ x + x 2 ± a 2 ∣ ) + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{{{x}^{2}}}{\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\frac{1}{2}\left( x\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}\mp {{a}^{2}}\ln \left| x+\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}} \right| \right)+C ∫x2±a2x2dx=21(xx2±a2∓a2ln∣∣x+x2±a2∣∣)+C
- 33. ∫ 1 x x 2 − a 2 d x = 1 a arccos a x + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{x\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\frac{1}{a}\arccos \frac{a}{x}+C ∫xx2−a21dx=a1arccosxa+C
- 34. ∫ 1 x x 2 + a 2 d x = − 1 a ln ∣ a + x 2 + a 2 x ∣ + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{x\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\frac{-1}{a}\ln \left| \frac{a+\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}{x} \right|+C ∫xx2+a21dx=a−1ln∣∣∣xa+x2+a2∣∣∣+C
- 35. ∫ 1 x 2 x 2 ± a 2 d x = ∓ x 2 ± a 2 a 2 x + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{x}^{2}}\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\mp \frac{\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}}{{{a}^{2}}x}+C ∫x2x2±a21dx=∓a2xx2±a2+C
- 36. ∫ 1 ( x 2 ± a 2 ) 3 2 d x = ± x a 2 x 2 ± a 2 + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{\left( {{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}} \right)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}}dx}=\frac{\pm x}{{{a}^{2}}\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}}+C ∫(x2±a2)231dx=a2x2±a2±x+C
- 含有 a 2 − x 2 , a > 0 \sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}},\text{ }a>0 a2−x2, a>0的形式
- 37. ∫ a 2 − x 2 d x = 1 2 ( x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 arcsin x a ) + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\frac{1}{2}\left( x\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}+{{a}^{2}}\arcsin \frac{x}{a} \right)+C ∫a2−x2dx=21(xa2−x2+a2arcsinax)+C
- 38. ∫ x 2 a 2 − x 2 d x = 1 8 [ x ( 2 x 2 − a 2 ) a 2 − x 2 + a 4 arcsin x a ] + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{{{x}^{2}}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\frac{1}{8}\left[ x\left( 2{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}} \right)\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}+{{a}^{4}}\arcsin \frac{x}{a} \right]+C ∫x2a2−x2dx=81[x(2x2−a2)a2−x2+a4arcsinax]+C
- 39. ∫ 1 x a 2 − x 2 d x = a 2 − x 2 − a ln ∣ a + a 2 − x 2 x ∣ + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{x}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}-a\ln \left| \frac{a+\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|+C ∫x1a2−x2dx=a2−x2−aln∣∣∣xa+a2−x2∣∣∣+C
- 40. ∫ 1 x 2 a 2 − x 2 d x = − 1 x a 2 − x 2 − arcsin x a + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{x}^{2}}}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\frac{-1}{x}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}-\arcsin \frac{x}{a}+C ∫x21a2−x2dx=x−1a2−x2−arcsinax+C
含有 x 2 ± a 2 , a > 0 \sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}},\text{ }a>0 x2±a2, a>0的形式
31. ∫ 1 x 2 ± a 2 d x = ln ∣ x + x 2 ± a 2 ∣ + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\ln \left| x+\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}} \right|+C ∫x2±a21dx=ln∣∣x+x2±a2∣∣+C
证明：
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令 x = a tan t , t ∈ ( − π 2 , π 2 ) x=a\tan t,\text{ }t\in \left( -\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2} \right) x=atant, t∈(−2π,2π)，则有
∫ 1 x 2 + a 2 d x = ∫ 1 a 2 sec 2 t d ( a tan t ) = ∫ 1 ( a sec t ) ( a sec 2 t ) d t ( a > 0 , sec t > 0 ) = ∫ sec t d t = ln ∣ sec t + tan t ∣ + C 1 = ln ∣ a 2 + x 2 a + x a ∣ + C 1 = ln ∣ x + x 2 + a 2 ∣ + C 2 \begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\sec }^{2}}t}}d\left( a\tan t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{\left( a\sec t \right)}\left( a{{\sec }^{2}}t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\sec t>0 \right) \\ & =\int{\sec tdt} \\ & =\ln |\sec t+\tan t|+{{C}_{1}} \\ & =\ln |\frac{\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}+{{x}^{2}}}}{a}+\frac{x}{a}|+{{C}_{1}} \\ & =\ln |x+\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}|+{{C}_{2}} \\ \end{aligned} ∫x2+a21dx=∫a2sec2t1d(atant)=∫(asect)1(asec2t)dt (a>0, sect>0)=∫sectdt=ln∣sect+tant∣+C1=ln∣aa2+x2+ax∣+C1=ln∣x+x2+a2∣+C2 -
x = a sec t , t ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) ⋃ ( π , 3 π 2 ) x=a\sec t,\text{ }t\in \left( 0,\frac{\pi }{2} \right)\bigcup \left( \pi ,\frac{3\pi }{2} \right) x=asect, t∈(0,2π)⋃(π,23π)，则有
∫ 1 x 2 − a 2 d x = ∫ 1 a 2 tan 2 t d ( a sec t ) = ∫ 1 ( a tan t ) ( a sec t tan t ) d t ( a > 0 , tan t > 0 ) = ∫ sec t d t = ln ∣ sec t + tan t ∣ + C 3 = ln ∣ x a + x 2 − a 2 a ∣ + C 3 = ln ∣ x + x 2 − a 2 ∣ + C 4 \begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\tan }^{2}}t}}d\left( a\sec t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{\left( a\tan t \right)}\left( a\sec t\tan t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\tan t>0 \right) \\ & =\int{\sec tdt} \\ & =\ln |\sec t+\tan t|+{{C}_{3}} \\ & =\ln |\frac{x}{a}+\frac{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}{a}|+{{C}_{3}} \\ & =\ln |x+\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}|+{{C}_{4}} \\ \end{aligned} ∫x2−a21dx=∫a2tan2t1d(asect)=∫(atant)1(asecttant)dt (a>0, tant>0)=∫sectdt=ln∣sect+tant∣+C3=ln∣ax+ax2−a2∣+C3=ln∣x+x2−a2∣+C4
32. ∫ x 2 x 2 ± a 2 d x = 1 2 ( x x 2 ± a 2 ∓ a 2 ln ∣ x + x 2 ± a 2 ∣ ) + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{{{x}^{2}}}{\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\frac{1}{2}\left( x\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}\mp {{a}^{2}}\ln \left| x+\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}} \right| \right)+C ∫x2±a2x2dx=21(xx2±a2∓a2ln∣∣x+x2±a2∣∣)+C
证明：
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令 x = a tan t , t ∈ ( − π 2 , π 2 ) x=a\tan t,\text{ }t\in \left( -\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2} \right) x=atant, t∈(−2π,2π)，则有
∫ x 2 x 2 + a 2 d x = ∫ ( a tan t ) 2 a 2 sec 2 t d ( a tan t ) = ∫ ( a tan t ) 2 ( a sec t ) ( a sec 2 t ) d t ( a > 0 , sec t > 0 ) = a 2 ∫ tan 2 t sec t d t = a 2 ∫ tan t d ( sec t ) = a 2 [ sec t tan t − ∫ sec 3 t d t ] = a 2 [ sec t tan t − ∫ ( tan 2 t + 1 ) sec t d t ] = a 2 [ sec t tan t − ∫ tan t d ( sec t ) − ∫ sec t d t ] \begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{{{x}^{2}}}{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{{{\left( a\tan t \right)}^{2}}}{\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\sec }^{2}}t}}d\left( a\tan t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{{{\left( a\tan t \right)}^{2}}}{\left( a\sec t \right)}\left( a{{\sec }^{2}}t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\sec t>0 \right) \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\int{{{\tan }^{2}}t\sec tdt} \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\int{\tan td\left( \sec t \right)} \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\left[ \sec t\tan t-\int{{{\sec }^{3}}tdt} \right] \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\left[ \sec t\tan t-\int{\left( {{\tan }^{2}}t+1 \right)\sec tdt} \right] \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\left[ \sec t\tan t-\int{\tan td(\sec t)-\int{\sec tdt}} \right] \\ \end{aligned} ∫x2+a2x2dx=∫a2sec2t(atant)2d(atant)=∫(asect)(atant)2(asec2t)dt (a>0, sect>0)=a2∫tan2tsectdt=a2∫tantd(sect)=a2[secttant−∫sec3tdt]=a2[secttant−∫(tan2t+1)sectdt]=a2[secttant−∫tantd(sect)−∫sectdt]
⇒ ∫ tan t d ( sec t ) = 1 2 [ sec t tan t − ∫ sec t d t ] = 1 2 [ sec t tan t − ln ∣ sec t + tan t ∣ ] + C 1 = 1 2 [ x 2 + a 2 a x a − ln ∣ x 2 + a 2 a + x a ∣ ] + C 1 = 1 2 [ x x 2 + a 2 a 2 − ln ∣ x + x 2 + a 2 ∣ ] + C 2 \begin{aligned} & \Rightarrow \int{\tan td(\sec t)}=\frac{1}{2}\left[ \sec t\tan t-\int{\sec tdt} \right] \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left[ \sec t\tan t-\ln \left| \sec t+\tan t \right| \right]+{{C}_{1}} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left[ \frac{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}{a}\frac{x}{a}-\ln \left| \frac{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}{a}+\frac{x}{a} \right| \right]+{{C}_{1}} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left[ \frac{x\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}{{{a}^{2}}}-\ln \left| x+\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}} \right| \right]+{{C}_{2}} \\ \end{aligned} ⇒∫tantd(sect)=21[secttant−∫sectdt]=21[secttant−ln∣sect+tant∣]+C1=21[ax2+a2ax−ln∣∣∣∣∣ax2+a2+ax∣∣∣∣∣]+C1=21[a2xx2+a2−ln∣∣∣x+x2+a2∣∣∣]+C2
⇒ ∫ x 2 x 2 + a 2 d x = a 2 ∫ tan t d ( sec t ) = 1 2 ( x x 2 + a 2 − a 2 ln ∣ x + x 2 + a 2 ∣ ) + C \begin{aligned} & \Rightarrow \int{\frac{{{x}^{2}}}{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}dx}={{a}^{2}}\int{\tan td(\sec t)} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left( x\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}-{{a}^{2}}\ln \left| x+\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}} \right| \right)+C \\ \end{aligned} ⇒∫x2+a2x2dx=a2∫tantd(sect)=21(xx2+a2−a2ln∣∣∣x+x2+a2∣∣∣)+C -
令 x = a sec t , t ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) ⋃ ( π , 3 π 2 ) x=a\sec t,\text{ }t\in \left( 0,\frac{\pi }{2} \right)\bigcup \left( \pi ,\frac{3\pi }{2} \right) x=asect, t∈(0,2π)⋃(π,23π)，则有
∫ x 2 x 2 − a 2 d x = ∫ ( a sec t ) 2 a 2 tan 2 t d ( a sec t ) = ∫ ( a sec t ) 2 ( a tan t ) ( a sec t tan t ) d t ( a > 0 , tan t > 0 ) = a 2 ∫ sec 3 t d t = a 2 ∫ sec t d ( tan t ) = a 2 [ sec t tan t − ∫ tan 2 t sec t d t ] = a 2 [ sec t tan t − ∫ ( sec 2 t − 1 ) sec t d t ] = a 2 [ sec t tan t − ∫ sec 3 t d t + ∫ sec t d t ] \begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{{{x}^{2}}}{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{{{\left( a\sec t \right)}^{2}}}{\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\tan }^{2}}t}}d\left( a\sec t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{{{\left( a\sec t \right)}^{2}}}{\left( a\tan t \right)}\left( a\sec t\tan t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\tan t>0 \right) \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\int{{{\sec }^{3}}t}dt \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\int{\sec td\left( \tan t \right)} \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\left[ \sec t\tan t-\int{{{\tan }^{2}}t\sec tdt} \right] \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\left[ \sec t\tan t-\int{\left( {{\sec }^{2}}t-1 \right)\sec tdt} \right] \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\left[ \sec t\tan t-\int{{{\sec }^{3}}t}dt+\int{\sec t}dt \right] \\ \end{aligned} ∫x2−a2x2dx=∫a2tan2t(asect)2d(asect)=∫(atant)(asect)2(asecttant)dt (a>0, tant>0)=a2∫sec3tdt=a2∫sectd(tant)=a2[secttant−∫tan2tsectdt]=a2[secttant−∫(sec2t−1)sectdt]=a2[secttant−∫sec3tdt+∫sectdt]
⇒ ∫ sec 3 t d t = 1 2 ( sec t tan t + ∫ sec t d t ) = 1 2 ( sec t tan t + ln ∣ sec t + tan t ∣ ) + C 1 = 1 2 ( x a ⋅ x 2 − a 2 a + ln ∣ x a + x 2 − a 2 a ∣ ) + C 1 = 1 2 ( x x 2 − a 2 a 2 + ln ∣ x + x 2 − a 2 ∣ ) + C 2 \begin{aligned} & \Rightarrow \int{{{\sec }^{3}}tdt}=\frac{1}{2}\left( \sec t\tan t+\int{\sec tdt} \right) \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left( \sec t\tan t+\ln \left| \sec t+\tan t \right| \right)+{{C}_{1}} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{x}{a}\centerdot \frac{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}{a}+\ln \left| \frac{x}{a}+\frac{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}{a} \right| \right)+{{C}_{1}} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{x\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}{{{a}^{2}}}+\ln \left| x+\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}} \right| \right)+{{C}_{2}} \\ \end{aligned} ⇒∫sec3tdt=21(secttant+∫sectdt)=21(secttant+ln∣sect+tant∣)+C1=21(ax⋅ax2−a2+ln∣∣∣∣∣ax+ax2−a2∣∣∣∣∣)+C1=21(a2xx2−a2+ln∣∣∣x+x2−a2∣∣∣)+C2
⇒ ∫ x 2 x 2 − a 2 d x = a 2 ∫ sec 3 t d t = 1 2 ( x x 2 − a 2 + a 2 ln ∣ x + x 2 − a 2 ∣ ) + C \begin{aligned} & \Rightarrow \int{\frac{{{x}^{2}}}{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}dx}={{a}^{2}}\int{{{\sec }^{3}}tdt} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left( x\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}+{{a}^{2}}\ln \left| x+\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}} \right| \right)+C \\ \end{aligned} ⇒∫x2−a2x2dx=a2∫sec3tdt=21(xx2−a2+a2ln∣∣∣x+x2−a2∣∣∣)+C
33. ∫ 1 x x 2 − a 2 d x = 1 a arccos a x + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{x\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\frac{1}{a}\arccos \frac{a}{x}+C ∫xx2−a21dx=a1arccosxa+C
证明：
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\begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{x\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{\left( a\sec t \right)\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\tan }^{2}}t}}d\left( a\sec t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{\left( a\sec t \right)\left( a\tan t \right)}\left( a\sec t\tan t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\tan t>0 \right) \\ & =\frac{1}{a}\int{dt} \\ & =\frac{t}{a}+C \\ & =\frac{1}{a}\arccos \frac{a}{x}+C \\ \end{aligned}
∫xx2−a21dx=∫(asect)a2tan2t1d(asect)=∫(asect)(atant)1(asecttant)dt (a>0, tant>0)=a1∫dt=at+C=a1arccosxa+C
34. ∫ 1 x x 2 + a 2 d x = − 1 a ln ∣ a + x 2 + a 2 x ∣ + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{x\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\frac{-1}{a}\ln \left| \frac{a+\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}{x} \right|+C ∫xx2+a21dx=a−1ln∣∣∣xa+x2+a2∣∣∣+C
证明：
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x=atant, t∈(−2π,0)⋃(0,2π)，则有
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\begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{x\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{\left( a\tan t \right)\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\sec }^{2}}t}}d\left( a\tan t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{\left( a\tan t \right)\left( a\sec t \right)}\left( a{{\sec }^{2}}t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\sec t>0 \right) \\ & =\frac{1}{a}\int{\csc tdt} \\ & =\frac{1}{a}\ln |\csc t-\cot t|+{{C}_{1}} \\ & =\frac{1}{a}\ln |\frac{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}{x}-\frac{a}{x}|+{{C}_{1}} \\ & =\frac{-1}{a}\ln |\frac{a+\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}{x}|+{{C}_{2}} \\ \end{aligned}
∫xx2+a21dx=∫(atant)a2sec2t1d(atant)=∫(atant)(asect)1(asec2t)dt (a>0, sect>0)=a1∫csctdt=a1ln∣csct−cott∣+C1=a1ln∣xx2+a2−xa∣+C1=a−1ln∣xa+x2+a2∣+C2
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\begin{aligned} & \text{ }\ln \left| \frac{a+\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|+\ln \left| \frac{a-\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|=0 \\ & \Rightarrow \ln \left| \frac{a+\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|=-\ln \left| \frac{a-\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right| \\ \end{aligned}
ln∣∣∣∣∣xa+a2−x2∣∣∣∣∣+ln∣∣∣∣∣xa−a2−x2∣∣∣∣∣=0⇒ln∣∣∣∣∣xa+a2−x2∣∣∣∣∣=−ln∣∣∣∣∣xa−a2−x2∣∣∣∣∣
35. ∫ 1 x 2 x 2 ± a 2 d x = ∓ x 2 ± a 2 a 2 x + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{x}^{2}}\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\mp \frac{\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}}{{{a}^{2}}x}+C ∫x2x2±a21dx=∓a2xx2±a2+C
证明：
-
令 x = a sec t , t ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) ⋃ ( π , 3 2 π ) x=a\sec t,\text{ }t\in \left( 0,\frac{\pi }{2} \right)\bigcup \left( \pi ,\frac{3}{2}\pi \right) x=asect, t∈(0,2π)⋃(π,23π)，则有
∫ 1 x 2 x 2 − a 2 d x = ∫ 1 ( a sec t ) 2 a 2 tan 2 t d ( a sec t ) = ∫ 1 ( a sec t ) 2 ( a tan t ) ( a sec t tan t ) d t ( a > 0 , tan t > 0 ) = 1 a 2 ∫ cos t d t = 1 a 2 sin t + C = x 2 − a 2 a 2 x + C \begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{{{x}^{2}}\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{\left( a\sec t \right)}^{2}}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\tan }^{2}}t}}d\left( a\sec t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{\left( a\sec t \right)}^{2}}\left( a\tan t \right)}\left( a\sec t\tan t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\tan t>0 \right) \\ & =\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\int{\cos tdt} \\ & =\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\sin t+C \\ & =\frac{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}{{{a}^{2}}x}+C \\ \end{aligned} ∫x2x2−a21dx=∫(asect)2a2tan2t1d(asect)=∫(asect)2(atant)1(asecttant)dt (a>0, tant>0)=a21∫costdt=a21sint+C=a2xx2−a2+C -
令 x = a tan t , t ∈ ( − π 2 , 0 ) ⋃ ( 0 , π 2 ) x=a\tan t,\text{ }t\in \left( -\frac{\pi }{2},0 \right)\bigcup \left( 0,\frac{\pi }{2} \right) x=atant, t∈(−2π,0)⋃(0,2π)，则有
∫ 1 x 2 x 2 + a 2 d x = ∫ 1 ( a tan t ) 2 a 2 sec 2 t d ( a tan t ) = ∫ 1 ( a tan t ) 2 ( a sec t ) ( a sec 2 t ) d t ( a > 0 , sec t > 0 ) = 1 a 2 ∫ cos t ⋅ csc 2 t d t = 1 a 2 ∫ cos t ⋅ d ( − cot t ) = − 1 a 2 [ cos t ⋅ cot t + ∫ cot t ⋅ sin t d t ] = − 1 a 2 [ cos 2 t sin t + ∫ cos t d t ] = − 1 a 2 [ cos 2 t sin t + sin t ] + C = − 1 a 2 ⋅ 1 sin t + C = − x 2 + a 2 a 2 x + C \begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{{{x}^{2}}\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}}dx=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{\left( a\tan t \right)}^{2}}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\sec }^{2}}t}}d\left( a\tan t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{\left( a\tan t \right)}^{2}}\left( a\sec t \right)}\left( a{{\sec }^{2}}t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\sec t>0 \right) \\ & =\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\int{\cos t\centerdot {{\csc }^{2}}tdt} \\ & =\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\int{\cos t\centerdot d\left( -\cot t \right)} \\ & =-\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\left[ \cos t\centerdot \cot t+\int{\cot t}\centerdot \sin tdt \right] \\ & =-\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\left[ \frac{{{\cos }^{2}}t}{\sin t}+\int_{{}}^{{}}{\cos tdt} \right] \\ & =-\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\left[ \frac{{{\cos }^{2}}t}{\sin t}+\sin t \right]+C \\ & =-\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\centerdot \frac{1}{\sin t}+C \\ & =-\frac{\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}{{{a}^{2}}x}+C \\ \end{aligned} ∫x2x2+a21dx=∫(atant)2a2sec2t1d(atant)=∫(atant)2(asect)1(asec2t)dt (a>0, sect>0)=a21∫cost⋅csc2tdt=a21∫cost⋅d(−cott)=−a21[cost⋅cott+∫cott⋅sintdt]=−a21[sintcos2t+∫costdt]=−a21[sintcos2t+sint]+C=−a21⋅sint1+C=−a2xx2+a2+C
36. ∫ 1 ( x 2 ± a 2 ) 3 2 d x = ± x a 2 x 2 ± a 2 + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{\left( {{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}} \right)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}}dx}=\frac{\pm x}{{{a}^{2}}\sqrt[{}]{{{x}^{2}}\pm {{a}^{2}}}}+C ∫(x2±a2)231dx=a2x2±a2±x+C
证明：
-
令 x = a tan t , t ∈ ( − π 2 , π 2 ) x=a\tan t,\text{ }t\in \left( -\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2} \right) x=atant, t∈(−2π,2π)，则有
∫ 1 ( x 2 + a 2 ) 3 / 2 d x = ∫ 1 ( a 2 sec 2 t ) 3 2 d ( a tan t ) = ∫ 1 ( a sec t ) 3 ( a sec 2 t ) d t = 1 a 2 ∫ cos t d t = 1 a 2 sin t + C = x a 2 x 2 + a 2 + C \begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{{{({{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}})}^{3/2}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{\left( {{a}^{2}}{{\sec }^{2}}t \right)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}}d\left( a\tan t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{\left( a\sec t \right)}^{3}}}\left( a{{\sec }^{2}}t \right)dt} \\ & =\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\int{\cos tdt} \\ & =\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\sin t+C \\ & =\frac{x}{{{a}^{2}}\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}}}+C \\ \end{aligned} ∫(x2+a2)3/21dx=∫(a2sec2t)231d(atant)=∫(asect)31(asec2t)dt=a21∫costdt=a21sint+C=a2x2+a2x+C -
令 x = a sec t , t ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) ⋃ ( π , 3 π 2 ) x=a\sec t,\text{ }t\in \left( 0,\frac{\pi }{2} \right)\bigcup \left( \pi ,\frac{3\pi }{2} \right) x=asect, t∈(0,2π)⋃(π,23π)，则有
∫ 1 ( x 2 − a 2 ) 3 / 2 d x = ∫ 1 ( a 2 tan 2 t ) 3 2 d ( a sec t ) = ∫ 1 ( a tan t ) 3 ( a sec t tan t ) d t = 1 a 2 ∫ sec t tan 2 t d t = 1 a 2 ∫ cos t sin 2 t d t = 1 a 2 ∫ d ( sin t ) sin 2 t = − 1 a 2 ⋅ 1 sin t + C = − x a 2 x 2 − a 2 + C \begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{{{({{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}})}^{3/2}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{\left( {{a}^{2}}{{\tan }^{2}}t \right)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}}d\left( a\sec t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{\left( a\tan t \right)}^{3}}}\left( a\sec t\tan t \right)dt} \\ & =\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\int{\frac{\sec t}{{{\tan }^{2}}t}}dt \\ & =\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\int{\frac{\cos t}{{{\sin }^{2}}t}dt} \\ & =\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}}\int{\frac{d(\sin t)}{{{\sin }^{2}}t}} \\ & =\frac{-1}{{{a}^{2}}}\centerdot \frac{1}{\sin t}+C \\ & =\frac{-x}{{{a}^{2}}\sqrt{{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}}+C \\ \end{aligned} ∫(x2−a2)3/21dx=∫(a2tan2t)231d(asect)=∫(atant)31(asecttant)dt=a21∫tan2tsectdt=a21∫sin2tcostdt=a21∫sin2td(sint)=a2−1⋅sint1+C=a2x2−a2−x+C
含有 a 2 − x 2 , a > 0 \sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}},\text{ }a>0 a2−x2, a>0的形式
37. ∫ a 2 − x 2 d x = 1 2 ( x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 arcsin x a ) + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\frac{1}{2}\left( x\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}+{{a}^{2}}\arcsin \frac{x}{a} \right)+C ∫a2−x2dx=21(xa2−x2+a2arcsinax)+C
证明：
令
x
=
a
sin
t
x=a\sin t
x=asint，
t
∈
[
−
π
2
,
π
2
]
t\in \left[ -\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2} \right]
t∈[−2π,2π]，则有
∫
a
2
−
x
2
d
x
=
∫
a
2
cos
2
t
⋅
d
(
a
sin
t
)
=
∫
(
a
cos
t
)
⋅
(
a
cos
t
)
d
t
(
a
>
0
,
cos
t
≥
0
)
=
a
2
∫
cos
2
t
d
t
=
a
2
2
(
t
+
sin
t
cos
t
)
+
C
=
a
2
2
(
arcsin
x
a
+
x
a
⋅
a
2
−
x
2
a
)
+
C
=
1
2
(
x
a
2
−
x
2
+
a
2
arcsin
x
a
)
+
C
\begin{aligned} & \int{\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\cos }^{2}}t}\centerdot d\left( a\sin t \right)} \\ & =\int_{{}}^{{}}{\left( a\cos t \right)\centerdot \left( a\cos t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\cos t\ge 0 \right) \\ & ={{a}^{2}}\int{{{\cos }^{2}}tdt} \\ & =\frac{{{a}^{2}}}{2}\left( t+\sin t\cos t \right)+C \\ & =\frac{{{a}^{2}}}{2}\left( \arcsin \frac{x}{a}+\frac{x}{a}\centerdot \frac{\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{a} \right)+C \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left( x\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}+{{a}^{2}}\arcsin \frac{x}{a} \right)+C \\ \end{aligned}
∫a2−x2dx=∫a2cos2t⋅d(asint)=∫(acost)⋅(acost)dt (a>0, cost≥0)=a2∫cos2tdt=2a2(t+sintcost)+C=2a2(arcsinax+ax⋅aa2−x2)+C=21(xa2−x2+a2arcsinax)+C
注：用到公式49：
∫
cos
2
x
d
x
=
1
2
(
x
+
sin
x
cos
x
)
+
C
\int_{{}}^{{}}{{{\cos }^{2}}xdx}=\frac{1}{2}\left( x+\sin x\cos x \right)+C
∫cos2xdx=21(x+sinxcosx)+C
38. ∫ x 2 a 2 − x 2 d x = 1 8 [ x ( 2 x 2 − a 2 ) a 2 − x 2 + a 4 arcsin x a ] + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{{{x}^{2}}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\frac{1}{8}\left[ x\left( 2{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}} \right)\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}+{{a}^{4}}\arcsin \frac{x}{a} \right]+C ∫x2a2−x2dx=81[x(2x2−a2)a2−x2+a4arcsinax]+C
证明：
令
x
=
a
sin
t
x=a\sin t
x=asint，
t
∈
[
−
π
2
,
π
2
]
t\in \left[ -\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2} \right]
t∈[−2π,2π]，则有
∫
x
2
a
2
−
x
2
d
x
=
∫
(
a
2
sin
2
t
)
a
2
cos
2
t
d
(
a
sin
t
)
=
∫
(
a
2
sin
2
t
)
(
a
cos
t
)
(
a
cos
t
)
d
t
(
a
>
0
,
cos
t
≥
0
)
=
a
4
∫
sin
2
t
cos
2
t
d
t
=
a
4
8
∫
sin
2
2
t
⋅
d
(
2
t
)
=
a
4
16
(
2
t
−
sin
2
t
cos
2
t
)
+
C
=
a
4
16
[
2
t
−
(
2
sin
t
cos
t
)
(
1
−
2
sin
2
t
)
]
+
C
=
a
4
16
[
2
arcsin
x
a
−
(
2
⋅
x
a
⋅
1
−
(
x
a
)
2
)
(
1
−
2
⋅
(
x
a
)
2
)
]
+
C
=
a
4
16
(
2
arcsin
x
a
−
2
x
a
2
−
x
2
a
2
⋅
a
2
−
2
x
2
a
2
)
+
C
=
a
4
8
arcsin
x
a
−
x
8
a
2
−
x
2
(
a
2
−
2
x
2
)
+
C
=
1
8
[
x
(
2
x
2
−
a
2
)
a
2
−
x
2
+
a
4
arcsin
x
a
]
+
C
\begin{aligned} & \int{{{x}^{2}}\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\int{\left( {{a}^{2}}{{\sin }^{2}}t \right)\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\cos }^{2}}t}d\left( a\sin t \right)} \\ & =\int{\left( {{a}^{2}}{{\sin }^{2}}t \right)\left( a\cos t \right)\left( a\cos t \right)dt\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\cos t\ge 0 \right)} \\ & ={{a}^{4}}\int{{{\sin }^{2}}t{{\cos }^{2}}tdt} \\ & =\frac{{{a}^{4}}}{8}\int{{{\sin }^{2}}2t}\centerdot d\left( 2t \right) \\ & =\frac{{{a}^{4}}}{16}\left( 2t-\sin 2t\cos 2t \right)+C \\ & =\frac{{{a}^{4}}}{16}\left[ 2t-\left( 2\sin t\cos t \right)\left( 1-2{{\sin }^{2}}t \right) \right]+C \\ & =\frac{{{a}^{4}}}{16}\left[ 2\arcsin \frac{x}{a}-\left( 2\centerdot \frac{x}{a}\centerdot \sqrt[{}]{1-{{\left( \frac{x}{a} \right)}^{2}}} \right)\left( 1-2\centerdot {{\left( \frac{x}{a} \right)}^{2}} \right) \right]+C \\ & =\frac{{{a}^{4}}}{16}\left( 2\arcsin \frac{x}{a}-\frac{2x\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{{{a}^{2}}}\centerdot \frac{{{a}^{2}}-2{{x}^{2}}}{{{a}^{2}}} \right)+C \\ & =\frac{{{a}^{4}}}{8}\arcsin \frac{x}{a}-\frac{x}{8}\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}({{a}^{2}}-2{{x}^{2}})+C \\ & =\frac{1}{8}\left[ x\left( 2{{x}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}} \right)\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}+{{a}^{4}}\arcsin \frac{x}{a} \right]+C \\ \end{aligned}
∫x2a2−x2dx=∫(a2sin2t)a2cos2td(asint)=∫(a2sin2t)(acost)(acost)dt (a>0, cost≥0)=a4∫sin2tcos2tdt=8a4∫sin22t⋅d(2t)=16a4(2t−sin2tcos2t)+C=16a4[2t−(2sintcost)(1−2sin2t)]+C=16a4[2arcsinax−(2⋅ax⋅1−(ax)2)(1−2⋅(ax)2)]+C=16a4(2arcsinax−a22xa2−x2⋅a2a2−2x2)+C=8a4arcsinax−8xa2−x2(a2−2x2)+C=81[x(2x2−a2)a2−x2+a4arcsinax]+C
注：使用到公式48：
∫
sin
2
x
d
x
=
1
2
(
x
−
sin
x
cos
x
)
+
C
\int_{{}}^{{}}{{{\sin }^{2}}xdx}=\frac{1}{2}\left( x-\sin x\cos x \right)+C
∫sin2xdx=21(x−sinxcosx)+C
39. ∫ 1 x a 2 − x 2 d x = a 2 − x 2 − a ln ∣ a + a 2 − x 2 x ∣ + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{x}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}-a\ln \left| \frac{a+\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|+C ∫x1a2−x2dx=a2−x2−aln∣∣∣xa+a2−x2∣∣∣+C
证明：
令
x
=
a
sin
t
,
t
∈
[
−
π
2
,
π
2
]
x=a\sin t,\text{ }t\in \left[ -\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2} \right]
x=asint, t∈[−2π,2π]，则有
∫
1
x
a
2
−
x
2
d
x
=
∫
1
a
sin
t
a
2
cos
2
t
d
(
a
sin
t
)
=
∫
1
a
sin
t
(
a
cos
t
)
(
a
cos
t
)
d
t
(
a
>
0
,
cos
t
≥
0
)
=
a
∫
cos
2
t
sin
t
d
t
=
a
∫
(
csc
t
−
sin
t
)
d
t
=
a
(
ln
∣
csc
t
−
cot
t
∣
+
cos
t
)
+
C
=
a
(
ln
∣
a
x
−
a
2
−
x
2
x
∣
+
a
2
−
x
2
a
)
+
C
=
a
2
−
x
2
+
a
ln
∣
a
−
a
2
−
x
2
x
∣
+
C
=
a
2
−
x
2
−
a
ln
∣
a
+
a
2
−
x
2
x
∣
+
C
\begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{x}\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{a\sin t}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\cos }^{2}}t}d\left( a\sin t \right)} \\ & =\int{\frac{1}{a\sin t}\left( a\cos t \right)\left( a\cos t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\cos t\ge 0 \right) \\ & =a\int{\frac{{{\cos }^{2}}t}{\sin t}}dt \\ & =a\int{\left( \csc t-\sin t \right)dt} \\ & =a\left( \ln \left| \csc t-\cot t \right|+\cos t \right)+C \\ & =a\left( \ln \left| \frac{a}{x}-\frac{\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|+\frac{\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{a} \right)+C \\ & =\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}+a\ln |\frac{a-\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x}|+C \\ & =\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}-a\ln |\frac{a+\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x}|+C \\ \end{aligned}
∫x1a2−x2dx=∫asint1a2cos2td(asint)=∫asint1(acost)(acost)dt (a>0, cost≥0)=a∫sintcos2tdt=a∫(csct−sint)dt=a(ln∣csct−cott∣+cost)+C=a(ln∣∣∣∣∣xa−xa2−x2∣∣∣∣∣+aa2−x2)+C=a2−x2+aln∣xa−a2−x2∣+C=a2−x2−aln∣xa+a2−x2∣+C
注：1.使用到公式62：
∫
csc
x
d
x
=
ln
∣
csc
x
−
cot
x
∣
+
C
\int_{{}}^{{}}{\csc xdx}=\ln \left| \csc x-\cot x \right|+C
∫cscxdx=ln∣cscx−cotx∣+C
2.
ln
∣
a
+
a
2
−
x
2
x
∣
+
ln
∣
a
−
a
2
−
x
2
x
∣
=
0
⇒
ln
∣
a
+
a
2
−
x
2
x
∣
=
−
ln
∣
a
−
a
2
−
x
2
x
∣
\begin{aligned} & \text{ }\ln \left| \frac{a+\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|+\ln \left| \frac{a-\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|=0 \\ & \Rightarrow \ln \left| \frac{a+\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|=-\ln \left| \frac{a-\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}}{x} \right| \\ \end{aligned}
ln∣∣∣∣∣xa+a2−x2∣∣∣∣∣+ln∣∣∣∣∣xa−a2−x2∣∣∣∣∣=0⇒ln∣∣∣∣∣xa+a2−x2∣∣∣∣∣=−ln∣∣∣∣∣xa−a2−x2∣∣∣∣∣
40. ∫ 1 x 2 a 2 − x 2 d x = − 1 x a 2 − x 2 − arcsin x a + C \int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{x}^{2}}}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\frac{-1}{x}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}-\arcsin \frac{x}{a}+C ∫x21a2−x2dx=x−1a2−x2−arcsinax+C
证明：
令
x
=
a
sin
t
,
t
∈
[
−
π
2
,
π
2
]
x=a\sin t,\text{ }t\in \left[ -\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2} \right]
x=asint, t∈[−2π,2π]，则有
∫
1
x
2
a
2
−
x
2
d
x
=
∫
1
a
2
sin
2
t
a
2
cos
2
t
d
(
a
sin
t
)
=
∫
1
a
2
sin
2
t
(
a
cos
t
)
(
a
cos
t
)
d
t
(
a
>
0
,
cos
t
≥
0
)
=
∫
cot
2
t
d
t
=
−
t
−
cot
t
+
C
=
−
arcsin
x
a
−
−
1
x
a
2
−
x
2
+
C
=
−
1
x
a
2
−
x
2
−
arcsin
x
a
+
C
\begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{{{x}^{2}}}\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}dx}=\int_{{}}^{{}}{\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}{{\sin }^{2}}t}\sqrt[{}]{{{a}^{2}}{{\cos }^{2}}t}d\left( a\sin t \right)} \\ & =\int{\frac{1}{{{a}^{2}}{{\sin }^{2}}t}\left( a\cos t \right)\left( a\cos t \right)dt\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\cos t\ge 0 \right)} \\ & =\int{{{\cot }^{2}}tdt} \\ & =-t-\cot t+C \\ & =-\arcsin \frac{x}{a}-\frac{-1}{x}\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}+C \\ & =\frac{-1}{x}\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}-{{x}^{2}}}-\arcsin \frac{x}{a}+C \\ \end{aligned}
∫x21a2−x2dx=∫a2sin2t1a2cos2td(asint)=∫a2sin2t1(acost)(acost)dt (a>0, cost≥0)=∫cot2tdt=−t−cott+C=−arcsinax−x−1a2−x2+C=x−1a2−x2−arcsinax+C
注：使用到公式64：
∫
cot
2
x
d
x
=
−
x
−
cot
x
+
C
\int_{{}}^{{}}{{{\cot }^{2}}xdx}=-x-\cot x+C
∫cot2xdx=−x−cotx+C
1865
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