条件确立
首先,若函数 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)以 2 T 2T 2T为周期且在 [ − T , T ] \left[ -T,T \right] [−T,T]上可积,则
a n = 1 T ∫ − T T f ( t ) cos n π t T d t , n = 0 , 1 , ⋯ b n = 1 T ∫ − T T f ( t ) sin n π t T d t , n = 1 , 2 , ⋯ \begin{aligned} & {
{a}_{n}}=\frac{1}{T}\int_{-T}^{T}{f\left( t \right)\cos \frac{n\pi t}{T}dt},\text{ }n=0,1,\cdots \\ & {
{b}_{n}}=\frac{1}{T}\int_{-T}^{T}{f\left( t \right)\sin \frac{n\pi t}{T}dt},\text{ }n=1,2,\cdots \\ \end{aligned} an=T1∫−TTf(t)cosTnπtdt, n=0,1,⋯bn=T1∫−TTf(t)sinTnπtdt, n=1,2,⋯
存在,是 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)关于三角函数系的Fourier系数,
f ∼ a 0 2 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( a n cos n π t T + b n sin n π t T ) f \sim \frac{
{
{a}_{0}}}{2}+\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty }{\left( {
{a}_{n}}\cos \frac{n\pi t}{T}+{
{b}_{n}}\sin \frac{n\pi t}{T} \right)} f∼2a0+n=1∑∞(ancosTnπt+bnsinTnπt)
是 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)关于三角函数系的Fourier级数。
其次,由Fourier级数的收敛定理,若以 2 T 2T 2T为周期的函数 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)在 [ − T , T ] \left[ -T,T \right] [−T,T]上按段光滑(① f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)在 [ − T , T ] \left[ -T,T \right] [−T,T]上至多有有限个第一类间断点;② f ′ ( t ) f'\left( t \right) f′(t)在 [ − T , T ] \left[ -T,T \right] [−T,T]上除了至多有限个点外都存在且连续,且在这些点上 f ′ ( t ) f'\left( t \right) f′(t)的左右极限都存在),则在每一点 t ∈ [ − T , T ] t\in \left[ -T,T \right] t∈[−T,T], f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)的Fourier级数收敛于 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)在点 t t t的左右极限的算术平均值,即有
f ( t + 0 ) + f ( t − 0 ) 2 = lim Δ t → 0 + f ( t + Δ t ) + lim Δ t → 0 − f ( t + Δ t ) 2 = a 0 2 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( a n cos n π t T + b n sin n π t T ) \begin{aligned} & \frac{f\left( t+0 \right)+f\left( t-0 \right)}{2} \\ & =\frac{\underset{\Delta t\to {
{0}^{+}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( t+\Delta t \right)+\underset{\Delta t\to {
{0}^{-}}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,f\left( t+\Delta t \right)}{2} \\ & =\frac{
{
{a}_{0}}}{2}+\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty }{\left( {
{a}_{n}}\cos \frac{n\pi t}{T}+{
{b}_{n}}\sin \frac{n\pi t}{T} \right)} \\ \end{aligned} 2f(t+0)+f(t−0)=2Δt→0+limf(t+Δt)+Δt→0−limf(t+Δt)=2a0+n=1∑∞(ancosTnπt+bnsinTnπt)
特别地,当 f ( t ) ∈ C 0 ( G ) ( G ⊆ [ − T , T ] ) f\left( t \right)\in {
{C}^{0}}\left( G \right)\text{ }\left( G\subseteq \left[ -T,T \right] \right) f(t)∈C0(G) (G⊆[−T,T])时,有
f ( t + 0 ) + f ( t − 0 ) 2 = f ( t ) + f ( t ) 2 = f ( t ) , ∀ t ∈ G ⊆ [ − T , T ] \frac{f\left( t+0 \right)+f\left( t-0 \right)}{2}=\frac{f\left( t \right)+f\left( t \right)}{2}=f\left( t \right),\text{ }\forall t\in G\subseteq \left[ -T,T \right] 2f(t+0)+f(t−0)=2f(t)+f(t)=f(t), ∀t∈G⊆[−T,T]
此时 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)的Fourier级数收敛到其本身,即有
f ( t ) = a 0 2 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( a n cos n π t T + b n sin n π t T ) , ∀ t ∈ G ⊆ [ − T , T ] f\left( t \right)=\frac{
{
{a}_{0}}}{2}+\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty }{\left( {
{a}_{n}}\cos \frac{n\pi t}{T}+{
{b}_{n}}\sin \frac{n\pi t}{T} \right)},\text{ }\forall t\in G\subseteq \left[ -T,T \right] f(t)=2a0+n=1∑∞(ancosTnπt+bnsinTnπt), ∀t∈G⊆[−T,T]
由上面的讨论,任取一个时间信号 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t),确立或要求以下条件:
-
若 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)不具有周期,则令其周期为 ∞ = 2 T ( T → ∞ ) \infty =2T\left( T\to \infty \right) ∞=2T(T→∞);若 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)具有周期 2 T 0 2{ {T}_{0}} 2T0,则 ∞ = 2 T ( T → ∞ ) \infty =2T\left( T\to \infty \right) ∞=2T(T→∞)也可视为 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)的一个周期。因此统一规定 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)的周期为
∞ = 2 T ( T → ∞ ) \infty =2T\left( T\to \infty \right) ∞=2T(T→∞) -
f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)绝对可积,即
∫ − ∞ ∞ ∣ f ( t ) ∣ d t < ∞ \int_{-\infty }^{\infty }{\left| f\left( t \right) \right|dt}<\infty ∫−∞∞∣f(t)∣dt<∞
这样 f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)在 R \mathbb{R} R上也一定可积。 -
f ( t ) f\left( t \right) f(t)在 R \mathbb{R}