索引
- 原文
- 注释与说明
-
- 1. principal ideal domain
- 2. prime ideal
- 3. Recall that an ideal p \mathfrak{p} p of a commutative ring A A A is called prime if the quotient ring A / p {A}/{\mathfrak{p}}\; A/p is an integral domain.
- 4. The invertible elements of A A A are those elements that do not belong to m ( A ) \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) m(A)
- 5. where π \pi π is an irreducible element
- 6. A A A has one and only one irreducible element, up to multiplication by an invertible element
- 7. such an element is called a uniformizing element of A A A
- 8. If x ≠ 0 x\ne 0 x=0 is any element of A A A, one can write x = π n u x={ {\pi }^{n}}u x=πnu, with n ∈ N n\in \mathbb{N} n∈N and u u u invertible
- 9. it does not depend on the choice of π \pi π
- 10. The non-zero ideals of A A A are of the form m ( A ) = π n A \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right)={ {\pi }^{n}}A m(A)=πnA
原文
A ring A A A is called a discrete valuation ring(离散赋值环) if it is a principal ideal domain 1 ^1 1 (Bourbaki, Alg., Chap. VII) that has a unique non-zero prime ideal 2 ^2 2 m ( A ) \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) m(A). [Recall that an ideal p \mathfrak{p} p of a commutative ring A A A is called prime if the quotient ring A / p {A}/{\mathfrak{p}}\; A/p is an integral domain. 3 ^3 3]
The field A / m ( A ) {A}/{\mathfrak{m}\left( A \right)}\; A/m(A) is called the residue field of A A A. The invertible elements of A A A are those elements that do not belong to m ( A ) \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) m(A) 4 ^4 4; they form a multiplicative group and are often called the units of A A A (or the field of fractions of A A A).
In a principal ideal domain, the non-zero prime ideals are the ideals of the form π A \pi A πA, where π \pi π is an irreducible element 5 ^5 5. The definition above comes down to saying that A A A has one and only one irreducible element, up to multiplication by an invertible element 6 ^6 6; such an element is called a uniformizing element of A A A 7 ^7 7 (or uniformizer; Weil [123] calls it a “prime element”).
The non-zero ideals of A A A are of the form m ( A ) = π n A \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right)={
{\pi }^{n}}A m(A)=πnA 10 ^{10} 10, where π \pi π is a uniformizing element. If x ≠ 0 x\ne 0 x=0 is any element of A A A, one can write x = π n u x={
{\pi }^{n}}u x=πnu, with n ∈ N n\in \mathbb{N} n∈N and u u u invertible 8 ^8 8; the integer n n n is called the valuation (or the order) of x x x and is denoted ν ( x ) \nu \left( x \right) ν(x); it does not depend on the choice of π \pi π. 9 ^9 9
注释与说明
1. principal ideal domain
principal ideal – 主理想
domain – 整环
主理想定义
( R , + , × ) \left( R,+,\times \right) (R,+,×)是一个环,设 a ∈ R a\in R a∈R,考察 R R R中含有元素 a a a的全部理想的集合
Σ = { I ⊆ R is the ideal ∣ a ∈ I } , \Sigma =\left\{ \left. I\subseteq R\text{ is the ideal} \right|a\in I \right\}, Σ={
I⊆R is the ideal∣a∈I},
令 [ a ] = ⋂ I ∈ Σ I \left[ a \right]=\underset{I\in \Sigma }{\mathop{\bigcap }}\,I [a]=I∈Σ⋂I ,则由定理“理想的交还是理想”可知, [ a ] \left[ a \right] [a]也是 R R R的一个理想,称为 R R R的由 a a a生成的主理想。
当 R R R是一个含幺交换环时,由 a a a生成的主理想 ⟨ a ⟩ = R a = { r a ∣ r ∈ R } \left\langle a \right\rangle =Ra=\left\{ \left. ra \right|r\in R \right\} ⟨a⟩=Ra={
ra∣r∈R}
整环定义
若环 R ≠ { 0 } R\ne \left\{ 0 \right\} R={
0},且 ∀ a , b ∈ R , a , b ≠ 0 ⇒ a b ≠ 0 \forall a,b\in R,\text{ }a,b\ne 0\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }ab\ne 0 ∀a,b∈R, a,b=0 ⇒ ab=0 或者
a b = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or b = 0 ab=0\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }a=0\text{ }\text{or }b=0 ab=0 ⇒ a=0 or b=0
则称 R R R是整环(Integral Ring)。
主理想(整)环定义
若一个(整)环 R R R的每个理想 I I I都是某 a ∈ R a\in R a∈R生成的主理想,则称 R R R为主理想(整)环。
根据下文中的涉及讨论环 A A A的可逆元素和不可逆元素,以及原文中
The non-zero ideals of A A A are of the form m ( A ) = π n A \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right)={ {\pi }^{n}}A m(A)=πnA
我们认为这一章节所讨论的离散赋值环 A A A是一个含幺交换环。
2. prime ideal
prime ideal – 素理想
素理想定义
R R R是一个交换环, P ⊂ R P\subset R P⊂R是 R R R的真理想,称 P P P为素理想,若
a b ∈ P ⇒ a ∈ P or b ∈ P , ∀ a , b ∈ R ab\in P\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }a\in P\text{ or }b\in P,\text{ }\forall a,b\in R ab∈P ⇒ a∈P or b∈P, ∀a,b∈R
3. Recall that an ideal p \mathfrak{p} p of a commutative ring A A A is called prime if the quotient ring A / p {A}/{\mathfrak{p}}\; A/p is an integral domain.
P P P是素理想,当且仅当 R / P R/P R/P是整环。
证明
- ⇒ \Rightarrow ⇒
令 a , b ∈ R a,b\in R a,b∈R且在 R / P R/P R/P中有 a b ‾ = 0 ‾ \overline{ab}=\overline{0} ab=0 ⇒ a b ∈ P \Rightarrow ab\in P ⇒ab∈P ⇒ a ∈ P \Rightarrow a\in P ⇒a∈P或 b ∈ P b\in P b∈P
⇒ \Rightarrow ⇒在 R / P R/P R/P中,有 a ‾ = 0 ‾ \overline{a}=\overline{0} a=0或 b ‾ = 0 ‾ \overline{b}=\overline{0} b=0。 - ⇐ \Leftarrow ⇐
假设 a b ∈ P ⇒ ab\in P\text{ }\Rightarrow ab∈P ⇒在 R / P R/P R/P中 a b ‾ = 0 ‾ \overline{ab}=\overline{0} ab=0 ⇒ \Rightarrow ⇒ 在 R / P R/P R/P中 a ‾ = 0 ‾ \overline{a}=\overline{0} a=0或 b ‾ = 0 ‾ \overline{b}=\overline{0} b=0 ⇒ a ∈ P \Rightarrow \text{ }a\in P ⇒ a∈P或 b ∈ P b\in P b∈P。
4. The invertible elements of A A A are those elements that do not belong to m ( A ) \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) m(A)
意思是主理想整环 A A A中可逆的元素是不属于 m ( A ) \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) m(A)的那些元素。更系统地讲, A A A中所有的可逆元素 a ∉ m ( A ) a\notin \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) a∈/m(A), A A A中所有的不可逆元素 b ∈ m ( A ) b\in \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) b∈m(A)。
A A A中所有的可逆元素 a ∉ m ( A ) a\notin \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) a∈/m(A)
证明
首先, A A A是一个含幺交换环, 1 ∈ A 1\in A 1∈A且 1 1 1为可逆元素,因此 A A A中的可逆元素集非空。
理想 m ( A ) \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) m(A)是 A A A的子环,因此非空。 ∀ a ∈ m ( A ) \forall a\in \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) ∀a∈m(A),若 ∃ a − 1 ∈ A \exists {
{a}^{-1}}\in A ∃a−1∈A使得 a a − 1 = 1 a{
{a}^{-1}}=1 aa−1=1,则有推理
m ( A ) × A ⊆ m ( A ) a ∈ m ( A ) , a − 1 ∈ A , a a − 1 = 1 } ⇒ 1 ∈ m ( A ) 1 ∈ m ( A ) 1 × A = A m ( A ) × A ⊆ m ( A ) } ⇒ A ⊆ m ( A ) \begin{aligned} & \left. \begin{aligned} & \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right)\times A\subseteq \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) \\ & a\in \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right),\text{ }{
{a}^{-1}}\in A,\text{ }a{
{a}^{-1}}=1 \\ \end{aligned} \right\}\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }1\in \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) \\ & \\ & \left. \begin{aligned} & 1\in \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) \\ & 1\times A=A \\ & \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right)\times A\subseteq \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) \\ \end{aligned} \right\}\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }A\subseteq \mathfrak{m}\left( A \right) \\ \end{aligned} m(A)×A⊆m(A)a∈m(A), a