离散赋值环概念 Local Fields by Jean-Pierre Serre, Page 5

原文

  A ring $A$ is called a discrete valuation ring（离散赋值环） if it is a principal ideal domain ${}^1$ (Bourbaki, Alg., Chap. VII) that has a unique non-zero prime ideal ${}^2$ $\mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)$. [Recall that an ideal $\mathfrak{p}$ of a commutative ring $A$ is called prime if the quotient ring $A/\mathfrak{p}$ is an integral domain. ${}^3$]

  The field $A/\mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)$ is called the residue field of $A$. The invertible elements of $A$ are those elements that do not belong to $\mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)$ ${}^4$; they form a multiplicative group and are often called the units of $A$ (or the field of fractions of $A$).

   In a principal ideal domain, the non-zero prime ideals are the ideals of the form $\pi A$, where $\pi$ is an irreducible element ${}^5$. The definition above comes down to saying that $A$ has one and only one irreducible element, up to multiplication by an invertible element ${}^6$; such an element is called a uniformizing element of $A$ ${}^7$ (or uniformizer; Weil [123] calls it a “prime element”).

  The non-zero ideals of $A$ are of the form $\mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)={\pi }^{n}A$ ${}^{10}$, where $\pi$ is a uniformizing element. If $x\ne 0$ is any element of $A$, one can write $x={\pi }^{n}u$, with $n\in \mathbb{N}$ and $u$ invertible ${}^8$; the integer $n$ is called the valuation (or the order) of $x$ and is denoted $\nu \left(x\right)$; it does not depend on the choice of $\pi$. ${}^9$

注释与说明

1. principal ideal domain

principal ideal – 主理想
domain – 整环

主理想定义
  $\left(R,+,\times \right)$是一个环，设$a\in R$，考察$R$中含有元素$a$的全部理想的集合
Σ = { I ⊆ R  is the ideal ∣ a ∈ I } , \Sigma =\left\{ \left. I\subseteq R\text{ is the ideal} \right|a\in I \right\}, Σ={ I⊆R is the ideal∣a∈I},
令$\left[a\right]=\bigcap _{I\in \Sigma }I$ ，则由定理“理想的交还是理想”可知，$\left[a\right]$也是$R$的一个理想，称为$R$的由$a$生成的主理想。
当$R$是一个含幺交换环时，由$a$生成的主理想 ⟨ a ⟩ = R a = { r a ∣ r ∈ R } \left\langle a \right\rangle =Ra=\left\{ \left. ra \right|r\in R \right\} ⟨a⟩=Ra={ ra∣r∈R}

整环定义
  若环 R ≠ { 0 } R\ne \left\{ 0 \right\} R​={ 0}，且$$\forall a,b\in R,a,b\ne 0\Rightarrow ab\ne 0$$ 或者
$$ab=0\Rightarrow a=0\text{or }b=0$$
则称$R$是整环(Integral Ring)。

主理想（整）环定义
  若一个（整）环$R$的每个理想$I$都是某$a\in R$生成的主理想，则称$R$为主理想（整）环。

  根据下文中的涉及讨论环$A$的可逆元素和不可逆元素，以及原文中

The non-zero ideals of $A$ are of the form $\mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)={\pi }^{n}A$

我们认为这一章节所讨论的离散赋值环$A$是一个含幺交换环。

2. prime ideal

prime ideal – 素理想

素理想定义
  $R$是一个交换环，$P\subset R$是$R$的真理想，称$P$为素理想，若
$$ab\in P\Rightarrow a\in P\text{ or }b\in P,\forall a,b\in R$$

3. Recall that an ideal $\mathfrak{p}$ of a commutative ring $A$ is called prime if the quotient ring $A/\mathfrak{p}$ is an integral domain.

  $P$是素理想，当且仅当$R/P$是整环。
证明

1. $\Rightarrow$
   令$a,b\in R$且在$R/P$中有$\overline{ab}=\overline{0}$$\Rightarrow ab\in P$$\Rightarrow a\in P$或$b\in P$
   $\Rightarrow$在$R/P$中，有$\overline{a}=\overline{0}$或$\overline{b}=\overline{0}$。
2. $\Leftarrow$
   假设$ab\in P\Rightarrow$在$R/P$中$\overline{ab}=\overline{0}$ $\Rightarrow$ 在$R/P$中$\overline{a}=\overline{0}$或$\overline{b}=\overline{0}$ $\Rightarrow a\in P$或$b\in P$。
   
   

4. The invertible elements of $A$ are those elements that do not belong to $\mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)$

  意思是主理想整环$A$中可逆的元素是不属于$\mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)$的那些元素。更系统地讲，$A$中所有的可逆元素$a\notin \mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)$，$A$中所有的不可逆元素$b\in \mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)$。

$A$中所有的可逆元素$a\notin \mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)$
证明
首先，$A$是一个含幺交换环，$1\in A$且$1$为可逆元素，因此$A$中的可逆元素集非空。
理想$\mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)$是$A$的子环，因此非空。$\forall a\in \mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)$，若$\exists a^{-1}\in A$使得$a{a}^{-1}=1$，则有推理
$$\begin{array}{rl}& \begin{array}{rl}& \mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)\times A\subseteq \mathfrak{m}\left(A\right)\\ & a\in \mathfrak{m}\left(A\right),a^{}\end{array}\\ & \\ & \end{array}$$