0 定语从句练习题
定语从句:描述事物特征的特定类型,或修饰某个名词,可以联想到形容词的作用
主题 | 习题地址 |
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1. who、which | 点击跳转 |
2. That 、who、whom、省略 | 点击跳转 |
3. 介词提前的定语从句 | 点击跳转 |
4. what(引导名词性从句) | 点击跳转 |
5. whose | 点击跳转 |
6. 限制性与非限制性 | 点击跳转 |
7. which 修饰句子 | 点击跳转 |
8. 关系副词 | 点击跳转 |
9. 定语从句的理解层次 | 点击跳转 |
10. 分词结构做后置定语修饰前面的名词 | 点击跳转 |
1. who、which
- 在定语从句中,两者均无具体含义
- 重合法: 两个简单句有主语或者宾语上的重合,就可以合并为一个定语从句,代替主语人用 who、物用 which, 宾语用 which 作为关系代词进行对应的代替
- The man plays golf.
He lives around the park.
✔️ The man who plays golf lives around the park. - The letter is for me.
You saw it yesterday.
✔️ The letter which you saw yesterday is for me.
✔️ You saw the letter that was for me yesterday. 这两个强调的重点不同,上一句强调这封信是我的,下一句强调昨天看到 - I like the girl.
She works with Lucy.
✔️ I like the girl who works with Lucy.
✔️ The girl who I like works with Lucy. - I’ve got those books.
You wanted them.
✔️ I’ve got those books which you wanted.
✔️ You wanted the books which I had got.
2. That 、who、whom、省略
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That、who、which 根据情况进行互换
- that 可代替人、物,只是没有 who、which 那么正式
- The man who/that lives at number is getting married.
- You haven’t drunk tea which/that I made for you.
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只能用 that
关系词只能用 That 而不用 which:
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先行词是不定代词(all / anything / something / everything)、The only thing。 (通常后面的 that 在从句中代替宾语,可以去掉)
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先行词由特别结构修饰时,如 the last / 序数词 / 最高级修饰
- I’ve alreagy told you everything (that) I know
- The only thing that matters to me is your happiness.
- All that I could do was listen to her.
- What I should do / What I need to do is protect you.
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who
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whom 目前语言趋势,已逐渐被 who 替代
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who 可以做主格,可以做宾格,whom 只能作为宾格
I’ve just got a post card from a woman who I met on holiday last year.
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介词 + whom
介词 + whom,此时的 whom 不能改为 who
- The woman who I travelled with is not my girlfriend.
- The woman with whom I travelled is not my girlfriend. 上一句的 with 通常需要提前,写成这种形式
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定语从句引导词的省略
引导词在从句中作宾语时,可以省略引导词
- I phoned a man.
The man (that) I phoned spoke Chinese. - A man phoned me.
The man that phoned me spoke Chinese.
- I phoned a man.
3. 介词提前的定语从句
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介词后面不能 + that
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The house that Jack lives in is clean.
The house in which Jack lives is clean. -
The girl whom I was talking about .
The girl about whom I was talking. -
The man (whom) I was looking at smiled. (不正式)
The man at whom I was looking similed. 正式 -
如第三句中,定语从句本来正常的语序为 whom I was looking at smiled,实际上关系词 whom 作介词 at 的宾语。而为了引导定语从句,关系词被提前,就造成了介宾结构分离。此时把介词 at 提前,The man at whom I was looking similed. 就可以与它的宾语 “团聚” 了
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【补充】 定语从句中,与关系词搭配的介词可以提前,也可以不提前。介词提前与否,表达的意思都一样,差别只在于关系词的选择。如果介词提前,那么关系词则不能省略,不能用 that,指人用 “介词+ whom”,指物用 “介词+ which”
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【补充】 除了限定性定语从句之外,非限定性定语从句也可以把介词提前。
- This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me,here, now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere, anytime.
4. what
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what 不能引导定语从句,但是它的含义包含了定语从句的意思,
what = things(the thing) which(that) = anything that,用 what 进行转化后,为名词性从句 -
Have you got what you need for your birthday? 名词性从句 (宾语从句) … 的
Have you got the things that you need for your birthday? 定语从句 -
I’m sorry for the things that happened.
I’m sorry for what happened. -
The things that she said made me angry.
What she said made me angry. -
The things that she says make me angry.
What she says makes me angry. 注意这里的单复数形式 -
Can I have something eat?
Take what you like = Take anything that you like. -
名词之后,且去掉引导词缺成分,一定为定语从句
5. whose … 的
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whose 在从句中起到代替 his / her / their / its等形容词性物主代词的作用
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whose 在定语从句中需满足两个条件:① 名词后, ② 去掉后句子缺少成分
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I saw a policewoman.
Her beauty took my breath away.
✔️ I saw a policewoman whose beauty took my breath away. whose 替代 Her 做定语,whose beauty 整体做主语 -
He went to a meeting.
He didn’t understand its purpose.
✔️ He went to a meeting whose purpose he didn’t understand. whose 代替 its
6. 限制性与非限制性
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限制性:明确修饰对象,
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非限制性:补充更多信息,具备明确的倾向,更加正式
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限制性定语从句
The US President who followed Lincoln was Johnson.The person that supported my idea was Tom.
The books which got the prize for best first novels were written by me.
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非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句中,人只能用 who,物只能用 which, 而不能用 that
President Johnson, who followed Lincoln, was extremely unpopular.Tom, who supported my idea, …
“The Rose”, which won the prize for best first novel, …
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介词 + whom/which
In 2000 she Andrew, with whom she later made several films. 不要把 with 放句后
There will be a short speech from the President, after which drinks will be served.
注:之前的从句会存在介词放在引导词后面,但是在非限中,一定要放在引导词前
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总结:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8e7941bdf3f98840ff3c94257082687c.png)
7. which 修饰句子
- 一般的非限定性定语从句都是修饰前面一个名词,即修饰先行词。但还有一种特殊的非限定性定语从句,可以修饰前面整句话,此时关系词只能用 which 或 as, 且它们在从句中都要作成分。which 和 as 引导这种特殊的非限定性定语从句时,用法上没有区别,区别主要在从句的位置上。which 引导的特殊的非限定性定语从句只能位于主句后;而 as 引导的特殊的非限定性定语从句可以位于主句前、中、后
- He took out the teeth which were causing the trouble. 这里的 which 修饰的是 teeth 这个名词
- He took out the teeth, which was a real pity. 这里的 which 修饰的是前面整个句子,往往以非限为主
- Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
- Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
- As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.
- 先行词(事物) + which/that = what,但是要注意这里的先行词如果是非限制性,就不能使用 that 了
8. which 的特殊用法
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which 在名词从句中翻译为哪一个, which + 名词
介词 + which + 名词:共同构成了定语从句的结构
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at which point
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in which case
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She called me a liar, at which point I decided to end the conversation. at which point 在这里表示话都说到这份上了
I decided to end the conversation at the point that she called me a liar. -
They may wish to spend the night, in which case we will have to find them a room. in which case 这样一个情况下
9. 总结
- 关系代词: who、whom、which、that、介词 + whom、介词 + which、whose 、which + 名词
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/25b9f87ee2d2d63a758177ddf59badb5.png)
10. 关系副词
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关系代词做主语/宾语,关系副词做状语
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when 、where、why :通常和名词捆绑在一起,具体使用谁,看前面的先行词,做状语
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时间名词 + when (常见的时间名词后面 when 可以省略):翻译为在那段时间,单独的 when 出现时,表示当 … 时候
- 不常见的时间名词,比如:1985
- 常见的时间名词:the day,the year
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例句:
I will never forget the day when I first met you. 这里的 when 可以用 on which 代替也表示在那段时间
the time (when) we went home
the year (when) I worked in Shanghai -
注: 之前的介词 + whom,介词 + which 介词来自于动词搭配,
介词 + which : ① 介词来自动词搭配时,作为关系代词 ② 表示 when、where、why 时,作为关系副词 -
地点名词 + where:somewhere / anywhere / everywhere / nowhere / place 后面的 where 可省略
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例句:
Do you know a shop where I can buy gloves.
Do you know a shop at which I can buy gloves. 与上一句不同的是,at which 更多表示一种在那个地方去做事情,where 表示在那个地方,一个方位,这里 at 介词表示位置
Do you know something (where) we can get a drink.
Do you know everywhere (where) she goes.
Do you know a place (where) I can sleep. -
注: 所有的关系副词都可以用 介词 + which / whom 来代替
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原因名词(reason)+ why (why 可以直接省略)
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例句:
I never found out the reason (why) she left me.
I never found out the reason for which she left me. for 这个介词表示原因 -
the way 后的定语从句引导词可用 in which = that = 省略,这里的 that 是关系副词
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I don’t like the way (in which/that) she spoke to me.
11. 定语从句的理解层次
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A 36-year-old teacher who was arrested in London after trying to set fire to a shool is said to have set fire to a school is said to have seriously injured two policemen. 注意主干,老师伤害了警察
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The financial problems which some of the company’s branches have been facing over the last eighteen months are mainly caused by increased foreign competition.
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主要以后面的习题为主
12. 分词从句
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分词结构做后置定语修饰前面的名词,核心:省略了引导词 + be 动词
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Most of the people arrested had been in trouble before.
原句: Most of the people who were arrested had been in trouble before. -
Three children found sleeping in Abbey Park last night were taken to a foster home by social workers.
原句: Three children who were found sleeping in Abbey Park last night were taken to a foster home by social workers. -
A lot of buildings designed by architects are unsuitable for young children.
原句: A lot of buildings which are designed by architects are unsuitable for young children. -
Do you know that man standing near the door?
原句: Do you know that man who is standing near the door? -
The man accused of the killing said that he was at the cinema at the time.
原句: The man who was accused of the killing said that he was at the cinema at the time. -
Letters posted before 12 noon will usually be delivered by the next day.
原句: Letters which are posted before 12 noon will usually be delivered by the next day. -
nothing wrong
原句: nothing that is wrong -
The picture on the wall
原句: The picture which is on the wall -
注:只有及物动词才能作为分词从句中一部分,因为只有及物动词有被动结构,非及物没有被动结构。
13. 限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
- 定语从句主要用来修饰限定名词:当名词的范围不确定时,需要用定语从句来限定该名词的范围,相当于回答了 “which”(哪一个/哪一些)的问题。
- 同位语从句是用来解释说明名词:当不知道这个名词的意思时,需要用同位语从句来解释说明,相当于回答了 “what”(是什么)的问题。
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/fef3473f70f0208398a80fa33454841a.png)