（二）协（逆）变基矢

在一般的曲线坐标系中：$$d\vec{r}=\frac{\partial \vec{r}}{\partial x^i}d{x}^i$$定义协变基矢/自然基矢：$${\vec{g}}_i=\frac{\partial \vec{r}}{\partial x^i}$$显然，协变基矢${\vec{g}}_i$与坐标线$x_i$的相切，指向其正方向，大小为坐标$x_i$变化单位增量时前后两点的距离。借助直角坐标系作为参考：$$\vec{r}(x^1,x^2,x^3)=x(x^1,x^2,x^3)\vec{i}+y(x^1,x^2,x^3)\vec{j}+z(x^1,x^2,x^3)\vec{k}$$则：$$\{\begin{array}{l}{\vec{g}}_1=\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^1}\vec{i}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial x^1}\vec{j}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x^1}\vec{k}={\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^1}& \frac{\partial y}{\partial x^1}& \frac{\partial z}{\partial x^1}\end{array}\right]}^T\\ \\ {\vec{g}}_2=\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^2}\vec{i}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial x^2}\vec{j}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x^2}\vec{k}={\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^2}& \frac{\partial y}{\partial x^2}& \frac{\partial z}{\partial x^2}\end{array}\right]}^T\\ \\ {\vec{g}}_3=\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^3}\vec{i}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial x^3}\vec{j}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x^3}\vec{k}={\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^3}& \frac{\partial y}{\partial x^3}& \frac{\partial z}{\partial x^3}\end{array}\right]}^T\end{array}$$
由于$$det(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_1& {\vec{g}}_2& {\vec{g}}_3\end{array}\right])={\vec{g}}_1\bullet ({\vec{g}}_2\times {\vec{g}}_3)=\sqrt{g}=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^1}& \frac{\partial x}{\partial x^2}& \frac{\partial x}{\partial x^3}\\ & & \\ \frac{\partial y}{\partial x^1}& \frac{\partial y}{\partial x^2}& \frac{\partial y}{\partial x^3}\\ & & \\ \frac{\partial z}{\partial x^1}& \frac{\partial y}{\partial x^2}& \frac{\partial y}{\partial x^3}\end{array}\right|=det\left(\frac{\partial (x,y,z)}{\partial (x^1,x^2,x^3)}\right)\ne 0（不为零由曲线坐标系的定义得到）$$
则说明向量组 { g ⃗ 1 , g ⃗ 2 , g ⃗ 2 } \{\vec{g}_1,\vec{g}_2,\vec{g}_2\} {g ​1​,g ​2​,g ​2​}线性无关，其中 将$\sqrt{g}$ 称作体积单元 ，那么该向量组在空间中任意一点可构成一个坐标架 (切标架)。考虑某个矢量 $\vec{v}$ 在协变基矢构成的局部基上的分解：$$\vec{v}=p^i{\vec{g}}_i=p^1{\vec{g}}_1+p^2{\vec{g}}_2+p^3{\vec{g}}_3$$为求解矢量的逆变分量 $p^i$ ，有：$$\{\begin{array}{l}{p}^1({\vec{g}}_1,{\vec{g}}_1)+p^2({\vec{g}}_2,{\vec{g}}_1)+p^3({\vec{g}}_3,{\vec{g}}_1)=(\vec{v},{\vec{g}}_1)\\ p^1({\vec{g}}_1,{\vec{g}}_2)+p^2({\vec{g}}_2,{\vec{g}}_2)+p^3({\vec{g}}_3,{\vec{g}}_2)=(\vec{v},{\vec{g}}_2)\\ p^1({\vec{g}}_1,{\vec{g}}_3)+p^2({\vec{g}}_2,{\vec{g}}_3)+p^3({\vec{g}}_3,{\vec{g}}_3)=(\vec{v},{\vec{g}}_1)\end{array}$$上述非齐次线性方程组总是有解的，因为其系数矩阵可逆，即：
$$\left|\begin{array}{ccc}({\vec{g}}_1,{\vec{g}}_1)& ({\vec{g}}_2,{\vec{g}}_1)& ({\vec{g}}_3,{\vec{g}}_1)\\ & & \\ ({\vec{g}}_1,{\vec{g}}_2)& ({\vec{g}}_2,{\vec{g}}_2)& ({\vec{g}}_3,{\vec{g}}_2)\\ & & \\ ({\vec{g}}_1,{\vec{g}}_3)& ({\vec{g}}_2,{\vec{g}}_3)& ({\vec{g}}_3,{\vec{g}}_3)\end{array}\right|=[{\vec{g}}_1\bullet ({\vec{g}}_2\times {\vec{g}}_3){]}^2\ne 0$$但上述求解过程较麻烦，为更方便地求解逆变分量引入逆变基矢 ${\vec{g}}^j$，要求其与协变基矢满足对偶关系：$$({\vec{g}}_i,{\vec{g}}^j)={\delta }_i^j=\{\begin{array}{l}1(i=j)\\ 0(i\ne j)\end{array}$$那么$$p^i=(\vec{v},{\vec{g}}^i)$$接下来根据对偶关系由协变基矢求解逆变基矢：
方法一：
参考直角坐标系讨论，设 $${\vec{g}}^j=g_1^j\vec{i}+g_2^j\vec{j}+g_3^j\vec{k}={\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{g}_1^j& g_2^j& g_3^j\end{array}\right]}^T(j=1,2,3)$$不妨以 $j=1$ 时进行讨论：
$$\{\begin{array}{l}({\vec{g}}^1,{\vec{g}}_1)=g_1^1\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^1}+g_2^1\frac{\partial y}{\partial x^1}+g_3^1\frac{\partial z}{\partial x^1}=1\\ \\ ({\vec{g}}^1,{\vec{g}}_2)=g_1^1\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^2}+g_2^1\frac{\partial y}{\partial x^2}+g_3^1\frac{\partial z}{\partial x^2}=0\\ \\ ({\vec{g}}^1,{\vec{g}}_1)=g_1^1\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^3}+g_2^1\frac{\partial y}{\partial x^3}+g_3^1\frac{\partial z}{\partial x^3}=0\end{array}$$由于系数矩阵满足：$$det\left({\frac{\partial (x,y,z)}{\partial (x^1,x^2,x^3)}}^T\right)=det\left(\frac{\partial (x,y,z)}{\partial (x^1,x^2,x^3)}\right)\ne 0，\frac{\partial (x,y,z)}{\partial (x^1,x^2,x^3)}\frac{\partial (x^1,x^2,x^3)}{\partial (x,y,z)}=E$$故
$$\left[\begin{array}{c}{\vec{g}}_1^1\\ \\ {\vec{g}}_2^1\\ \\ {\vec{g}}_3^1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial x^1}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial x^2}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial x^3}{\partial x}\\ & & \\ \frac{\partial x^1}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial x^2}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial x^3}{\partial y}\\ & & \\ \frac{\partial x^1}{\partial z}& \frac{\partial x^2}{\partial z}& \frac{\partial x^3}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ \\ 0\\ \\ 0\end{array}\right]$$同理可求得 ${\vec{g}}^2,{\vec{g}}^3$，即
$$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^1& {\vec{g}}^2& {\vec{g}}^3\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_1^1& {\vec{g}}_1^2& {\vec{g}}_1^3\\ & & \\ {\vec{g}}_2^1& {\vec{g}}_2^2& {\vec{g}}_2^3\\ & & \\ {\vec{g}}_3^1& {\vec{g}}_3^2& {\vec{g}}_3^3\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial x^1}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial x^2}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial x^3}{\partial x}\\ & & \\ \frac{\partial x^1}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial x^2}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial x^3}{\partial y}\\ & & \\ \frac{\partial x^1}{\partial z}& \frac{\partial x^2}{\partial z}& \frac{\partial x^3}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ & & \\ 0& 1& 0\\ & & \\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]={\left(\frac{\partial (x^1,x^2,x^3)}{\partial (x,y,z)}\right)}^T$$换而言之，$${\vec{g}}^i=▽x^i(x,y,z)(i=1,2,3)$$这说明，逆变基矢为坐标面的梯度，方向沿某点坐标面的法向。
另外，由上述结论可知：$det(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^1& {\vec{g}}^2& {\vec{g}}^3\end{array}\right])\ne 0$，说明逆变基矢构成的向量组也是线性无关的，可构成 ${\mathbb{R}}^3$ 中的一组基。

方法二：
由对偶关系：${\vec{g}}^1$ 同时与 ${\vec{g}}_2，{\vec{g}}_3$ 垂直，则应有：$${\vec{g}}^1=c({\vec{g}}_2\times {\vec{g}}_3)$$进一步利用对偶关系：$$1=({\vec{g}}^1,{\vec{g}}_1)=c[{\vec{g}}_1\bullet ({\vec{g}}_2\times {\vec{g}}_3)]=c\sqrt{g}⟹c=\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}⟹{\vec{g}}^1=\frac{{\vec{g}}_2\times {\vec{g}}_3}{\sqrt{g}}$$同理$$\begin{gathered} {\vec{g}}^2=\frac{{\vec{g}}_3\times {\vec{g}}_1}{\sqrt{g}} \\ {\vec{g}}^3=\frac{{\vec{g}}_1\times {\vec{g}}_2}{\sqrt{g}} \\ (注意：协变基矢叉乘的次序问题) \end{gathered}$$方法三：
将逆变基矢在协变基矢构成的基上进行分解有：
$$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^1& {\vec{g}}^2& {\vec{g}}^3\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_1& {\vec{g}}_2& {\vec{g}}_3\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{g}^{11}& g^{12}& g^{13}\\ g^{21}& g^{22}& g^{23}\\ g^{31}& g^{32}& g^{33}\end{array}\right]⟺{\vec{g}}^j=g^{ij}{\vec{g}}_i(i.j=1,2,3)$$由对偶关系：$$({\vec{g}}^i,{\vec{g}}^j)=({\vec{g}}^i,g^{kj}{\vec{g}}_k)=g^{kj}({\vec{g}}^i,{\vec{g}}_k)=g^{kj}{\delta }_k^i=g^{ij}⟹g^{ij}=({\vec{g}}^i,{\vec{g}}^j)=g^{ji}$$同理,将协变基矢在逆变基矢构成的基上进行分解：$$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_1& {\vec{g}}_2& {\vec{g}}_3\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^1& {\vec{g}}^2& {\vec{g}}^3\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{g}_{11}& g_{12}& g_{13}\\ g_{21}& g_{22}& g_{23}\\ g_{31}& g_{32}& g_{33}\end{array}\right]⟺{\vec{g}}_j=g_{ij}{\vec{g}}^i(i.j=1,2,3)$$由对偶关系：$$({\vec{g}}_i,{\vec{g}}_j)=({\vec{g}}_i,g_{kj}{\vec{g}}^k)=g_{kj}({\vec{g}}_i,{\vec{g}}^k)=g_{kj}{\delta }_i^k=g_{ij}⟹g_{ij}=({\vec{g}}_i,{\vec{g}}_j)=g_{ji}$$显然，$$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{g}^{11}& g^{12}& g^{13}\\ g^{21}& g^{22}& g^{23}\\ g^{31}& g^{32}& g^{33}\end{array}\right]={\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{g}_{11}& g_{12}& g_{13}\\ g_{21}& g_{22}& g_{23}\\ g_{31}& g_{32}& g_{33}\end{array}\right]}^{-1}⟺[g^{ij}]=[g_{ij}{]}^{-1}$$由该方法求解逆变基矢时步骤是分析的逆过程，即：
(1) 由协变基矢求解度量张量的协变分量 $g_{ij}$;
(2) 根据可逆关系由度量张量的协变分量求得度量张量的逆变分量$g^{ij}$;
(3) 由基矢量的指标升降关系 ${\vec{g}}^j=g^{ij}{\vec{g}}_i$ 求得逆变基矢。

对于协变基矢与逆变基矢构成的坐标架我们有如下结论：若 { g ⃗ 1 , g ⃗ 2 , g ⃗ 3 } \{\vec{g}_1,\vec{g}_2,\vec{g}_3\} {g ​1​,g ​2​,g ​3​}构成右（左）手坐标系，则 { g ⃗ 1 , g ⃗ 2 , g ⃗ 3 } \{\vec{g}^1,\vec{g}^2,\vec{g}^3\} {g ​1,g ​2,g ​3}仍然构成右（左）手坐标系。 证明过程如下：$$det([{\delta }_j^i])=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}{\delta }_1^1& {\delta }_2^1& {\delta }_3^1\\ & & \\ {\delta }_1^2& {\delta }_2^2& {\delta }_3^2\\ & & \\ {\delta }_1^3& {\delta }_2^3& {\delta }_3^3\end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}({\vec{g}}^1,{\vec{g}}_1)& ({\vec{g}}^1,{\vec{g}}_2)& ({\vec{g}}^1,{\vec{g}}_3)\\ & & \\ ({\vec{g}}^2,{\vec{g}}_1)& ({\vec{g}}^2,{\vec{g}}_2)& ({\vec{g}}^2,{\vec{g}}_3)\\ & & \\ ({\vec{g}}^3,{\vec{g}}_1)& ({\vec{g}}^3,{\vec{g}}_2)& ({\vec{g}}^3,{\vec{g}}_3)\end{array}\right|=[{\vec{g}}^1\bullet ({\vec{g}}^2\times {\vec{g}}^3)][{\vec{g}}_1\bullet ({\vec{g}}_2\times {\vec{g}}_3)]=\sqrt{g}[{\vec{g}}^1\bullet ({\vec{g}}^2\times {\vec{g}}^3)]=1$$则，$${\vec{g}}^1\bullet ({\vec{g}}^2\times {\vec{g}}^3)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}$$上式给出了逆变基矢的混合积计算公式且说明它与协变基矢的混合积同号。（证毕）

借助上述逆变基矢混合积公式与对偶关系同样可获得与方法二类似的由逆变基矢求协变基矢的公式：$$\begin{gathered} {\vec{g}}_1=\sqrt{g}({\vec{g}}^2\times {\vec{g}}^3) \\ {\vec{g}}_2=\sqrt{g}({\vec{g}}^3\times {\vec{g}}^1) \\ {\vec{g}}_3=\sqrt{g}({\vec{g}}^1\times {\vec{g}}^2) \end{gathered}$$最后指出，根据度量协（逆）变分量与基矢量的关系式可得到如下关系式：
$$\{\begin{array}{l}det([g^{ij}])=\frac{1}{g}\\ \\ det([g_{ij}])=g\end{array}$$
$$\{\begin{array}{l}{g}_{11}={\left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial x_1}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial y}{\partial x_1}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x_1}\right)}^2\\ \\ g_{22}={\left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial x_2}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial y}{\partial x_2}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x_2}\right)}^2\\ \\ g_{33}={\left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial x_3}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial y}{\partial x_3}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x_3}\right)}^2\\ \\ g_{12}=g_{21}=\frac{\partial x}{\partial x_1}\frac{\partial x}{\partial x_2}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial x_1}\frac{\partial y}{\partial x_2}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x_1}\frac{\partial z}{\partial x_2}\\ \\ g_{13}=g_{31}=\frac{\partial x}{\partial x_1}\frac{\partial x}{\partial x_3}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial x_1}\frac{\partial y}{\partial x_3}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x_1}\frac{\partial z}{\partial x_3}\\ \\ g_{23}=g_{32}=\frac{\partial x}{\partial x_2}\frac{\partial x}{\partial x_3}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial x_2}\frac{\partial y}{\partial x_3}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x_2}\frac{\partial z}{\partial x_3}\end{array}\{\begin{array}{l}{g}^{11}={\left(\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial y}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial z}\right)}^2\\ \\ g^{22}={\left(\frac{\partial x_2}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial x_2}{\partial y}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial x_2}{\partial z}\right)}^2\\ \\ g^{33}={\left(\frac{\partial x_3}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial x_3}{\partial y}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial x_3}{\partial z}\right)}^2\\ \\ g^{12}=g^{21}=\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial x}\frac{\partial x_2}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial y}\frac{\partial x_2}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial z}\frac{\partial x_2}{\partial z}\\ \\ g^{13}=g^{31}=\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial x}\frac{\partial x_3}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial y}\frac{\partial x_3}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial x_1}{\partial z}\frac{\partial x_3}{\partial z}\\ \\ g^{23}=g^{32}=\frac{\partial x_2}{\partial x}\frac{\partial x_3}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial x_2}{\partial y}\frac{\partial x_3}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial x_2}{\partial z}\frac{\partial x_3}{\partial z}\end{array}$$
说明：在笛卡尔直角坐标系中协变基矢与逆变基矢完全重合，即 $${\vec{e}}_i={\vec{g}}_i={\vec{g}}^i(i=1,2,3)$$