专业英语【1】

1.Bacterialcellwallsarecomposedprincipallyofpeptidoglycans,andreproductionisby（）.

A.abruption
B.binaryfission
C.breakup
D.divide

2.ThephotosyntheticbacteriacontainarangeofbacteriochlorophyllsanddonotliberatefreeO2during（）.

A.photosynthesis
B.photosynthate
C.breath
D.Reverse

3.Conjugationinvolvesthetransferoflargeportionsofgeneticmaterialbetween（）andrecipientcellsinmating pairs.

A.donor
B.donate
C.donation
D.endow

4.Thecyanobacteriaarephotosyntheticprokaryotescontaining（）,andalsophycobiliproteinpigmentssuchasphycocyanin.

A.peptidoglycan
B.crystalviolet
C.chlorophyll
D.algae

5.Thoseusinglightastheirenergysourcearetermed（）.

A.chemotrophic
B.lithotrophic
C.organotrophic
D.phototrophic

6.Excessiveextractionofwatercanlowerwater-tables,which,insomeinlands（内陆）,mayleadto（）.

A.subsidence
B.salt-waterinstrusion
C.earthquake
D.flooding

7.Butbecauseoflossesthrough（）andplanttranspiration.

A.evaporation
B.environment
C.evaporate
D.evaporative

8.Irrigationhasallowedtheexpansionofagricultureintosemi-aridandeven（）environments.

A.dry
B.arid
C.drought
D.water

9.Thesteadyflowsthatdamscausealtertheseasonalcyclesof（）andriparianplantsandanimals.

A.aquatic
B.aquatics
C.aquaculture
D.aquation

10.Newlandfillshavecomplexbottomlayerstotrapcontaminant-ladenwater,called（）,leakingthroughtheburiedtrash

A.wall
B.leachate
C.leader
D.little

11.Amodernmunicipalsolidwastelandfillistypicallyconstructedabovean（）clay.

A.impress
B.impermeable
C.improve
D.impolite

12.However,manyincineratorswereeliminatedbecauseofaestheticconcerns,suchasfoulodors,noxiousgases,and（）smoke.

A.grave
B.gritty
C.grove
D.glass

13.Theburingwasteheatswaterandthesteamdrivea（）togenerateelectricity,whichissoldtoautility.

A.tool
B.turbine
C.troop
D.type

14.Selectionoflandfillsitesisbasedonanunderstandingoflocal（）conditions.

A.geoblo
B.geology
C.condition
D.location

15.Theparadoxisthatinitsgaseousstate（）,abundantthoughtitis,isunavailabletomostlife.

A.nitrogen
B.oxygen
C.hydrgen
D.alcohol

16.Tobeused,freemolecularnitrogenhastobefixed.This（）comesaboutintwoways.

A.energy
B.fixation
C.paradox
D.radiation

17.Thisfixationisaccomplishedby（）bacterialivinginassociationwithleguminousandroot-noduledmonleguminousplants,byfree-livingaerobicbacteria,andbycyanobacteria(blue-greenalgae).

A.together
B.biological
C.symbiotic
D.noneofabove

18.Accordingtotheauthor,theenergyneededforhighenergyfixationscomesfrom（）.

A.cosmic
B.meteorite
C.lightning
D.allabove

19.（）isabiologicalprocessinwhichammoniaisoxidizedtonitriteandnitrate,yieldingenergy.

A.ammonification
B.denitrification
C.bacterfiation
D.nitrification

20.Ethanolisagood（）forgasolineinspark-ignitionengines.

A.reserve
B.substitute
C.replace
D.shift

21.Asasummary,thelongstorywas（）intoafewsentences.

A.condensed
B.condemned
C.concealed
D.concentrated

22.Theproblemwiththecountryishowtoliftitseconomyoutof（）.

A.reservation
B.recreation
C.recession
D.reversion

23.Ethanoldoes（）lesscarbonmonoxideandsulfuroxidesthangasoline.

A.release
B.output
C.set
D.affranchise

24.Alcoholcanbeobtainedfrom（）

A.sugarcrops
B.starchycrops
C.cellulose
D.allofabove

25.Theairwhichwebreatheconsists,byvolume,ofabout78percent（）.

A.Oxygen
B.Nitrogen
C.carbondioxide
D.Argon

26.Gaseoushydrogen,producedbythe（）ofwater,isanother（）topetroleum.

A.electrolysis,choice
B.hydrolysis,choice
C.electrolysis,alternative
D.alternative,alternative

27.Bacterialcellwalls（）principallyofpeptidoglycans,andreproductionisbybinaryfission.

A.makeupof
B.buildup
C.arecomposed
D.constitute

28.Aspeciesadaptedto（）conditionsofabountifulenergysourceisdesignatedasKselected.

A.livingunder
B.livingin
C.living
D.lived

29.Itwouldbeexposedtoselectionpressures（）thoseaffectinganr-selectedorganismlivinginuncrowdedbutpossiblyphysicallyrestrictiveenvironments.

A.differentfrom
B.differentwith
C.otherthan
D.differwith

30.Someestimateplacetheirnumber（）40%ofthetotalplate-countpopulation.

A.ashighas
B.ishighas
C.highas
D.ashighto

31.Ther-selectedorganismsexposedtoflushesofsubstrateinanotherwiseuncrowdedenvironmentwould（）highgrowthincreaseperunitoffoodratherthanoncompetitiveness.

A.placeapremiumon
B.placeapremiumto
C.placeapremiuminto
D.placeapremiumwith

32.Nowadays,governmentsinmostOECDcountriesare（）largeprogrammerstodevelopirrigation.

A.scaleback
B.scaledback
C.scalingback
D.scalesback

33.Indrierpartsofthearea,suchasCalifornia,andtheMurray–DarlingbasininAustralia,agriculture（）wellover90%ofconsumptiveuse.

A.accounts
B.accountsupto
C.accountsfor
D.accountsfrom

34.WeallwanttoknowhowOECDgovernments（）theincreaseddemandforwaterinagriculturalproduction.

A.areresponsiblefor
B.arerespondingto
C.areresponsibilityto
D.responseto

35.Landdegradation,isthedeclineinlandqualityorreductioninitsproductivityandenvironmentalregulatory（）.

A.ability
B.able
C.capacity
D.capacitly

36.Soil（）isaworldwideproblem.

A.compact
B.compaction
C.compactness
D.degradate

37.Acceleratedsoil（）isanotherprincipallanddegradationprocessSimilartocompaction.

A.erosion
B.erosional
C.degradation
D.degradate

38.Nutrient（）anotherprincipalprocessoflanddegradationwithsevereeconomicimpactonaglobalscale.

A.depletion
B.deplete
C.expand
D.expanding

39.Despitethevoluminousliterature,land（）remainsadebatableissue.

A.degradation
B.degradate
C.gradate
D.gradation

40.Landdegradation,declinesinlandquality（）naturalprocessesandanthropicactivities,isamajorglobalissueforthe20thcenturyandwillremainhighontheinternationalagendaevenforthe21stcentury.

A.becauseof
B.dueto
C.although
D.asif

41.Landdegradationcanalsobeconsidered（）thelossofactualorpotentialproductivityorutilityasaresultofnaturaloranthropicfactors.

A.intermsof
B.referto
C.evolvedfrom
D.simplystated

42.Highpopulationdensityisnotnecessarily（）landdegradation.

A.asthough
B.resultedin
C.relatedto
D.aswellas

43.Lands,（）theirinherentcharacteristicsandclimaticconditions,rangefromhighlyresistantorstabletoextremelysensitiveandfragile.

A.relatingto
B.dependingon
C.soasto
D.therefore

44.Landdegradationisabiophysicalprocess（）socioeconomicandpoliticalcauses.

A.drivenby
B.resultedin
C.becauseof
D.aswell

45.Asbetterwaste-disposaltechnologiesweredevelopedandasvalueschanged,moreemphasis（）theenvironmentandqualityoflife.

A.areplacedon
B.wasplacedon
C.locatein
D.waslocatedin

46.Theheatderivedfromtheburingis（）steamandelectricity.

A.convertedto
B.convertedinto
C.transformto
D.being

47.However,thelandfilloftodayis（）asimpleholeinthegroundintowhichgarbageisdumped.

A.different
B.differentfrom
C.abstricton
D.referto

48.Theycurrentlycost（）$1millionperhectaretoprepare.

A.right
B.upto
C.below
D.about

49.Untilrecently,thedisposalofmunicipalsolidwastedidnot（）muchpublicattention.

A.attemp
B.attract
C.absort
D.eyeson

50.Cosmicradiation,meteoritetrails,andlightningprovidethehighenergy（）combinenitrogenwiththeoxygenandhydrogenofwater.

A.neededto
B.gottento
C.cameto
D.needingto

51.Fixation（）molecularnitrogen(N2)（）twoatomsoffteeN.

A.go…into
B.get….into
C.splits….into
D.jump…..into

52.Innonagriculturalsystemssome12,000species,fromcyanobacteriatonodule-bacteriaplants,（）nitrogenfixation.

A.bereponsiblefor
B.beingreponsiblefor
C.isreponsiblefor
D.arereponsiblefor

53.Interrestrialecosystemnitrogen,largelyintheformofammoniaornitrates,（）byplants,whichconvertittoaminoacids.

A.istakenup
B.aretakenup
C.isbrokedown
D.arebrokedown

54.Inaquaticecosystems,nitrogencyclesinasimilarmanner,exceptthatthelargereservoirinthesoil（）.

A.islacking
B.lacked
C.arelacked
D.islacked

55.Theintegratedfarmtypically（）crops,livestockandfishponds.

A.makeup
B.madeupof
C.isconsistedof
D.consistsof

56.Bothofwinterwheatandsummercornhasstillgreatpotentialtoincrease（）.

A.yell
B.yields
C.yield
D.yells

57.Thesmallamountofresidualnutrientsleftaftertremendouslossesthat（）theenvironmenthavetakenplace.

A.destroy
B.damage
C.ruin
D.violate

58.Officialsalsosayawomanmay（）asecondattackinthenorthernpartofthecountry.

A.arerespectivefor
B.ispossiblefor
C.areresponsiblefor
D.arelookingfor

59.Nearlyallorgansfortransplant（）executedprisoners.

A.areproducedfrom
B.areharvestof
C.areharvestedfrom
D.aregottenfrom

60.Liquidfuels（）theUSeconomy.

A.isindispensableto
B.areindispensableto
C.isprojectedto
D.areprojectedto

61.Theproductionanduseofethanolfuel（）theincreaseinatmosphericcarbondioxideandtoglobalwarming.

A.resultin
B.bringout
C.asresult
D.contributeto

62.Changingherjoblikethat（）givingherthesack.

A.isequivalentto
B.isequableton
C.isdifferentfrom
D.isdisparateto

63.Hydrogenhasthepotentialtoserve（）arenewablegaseousfuelfortransportionvehicles.

A.on
B.for
C.up
D.as

64.（）gasoline,bothmethanolandethanolreducetheamountofcarbondioxide,whichisgoodforourenvironment.

A.comparedto
B.withregardto
C.considering
D.inviewof

65.Mankindmusttakecarenotto（）theearth（）itsnaturalresources.

A.expend，of
B.spend，on
C.deplete，of
D.defray，to

66.Carbonmonoxideisharmfultomankind'shealth.

67.Ethanolcanbeobtainedfromoilcrops.

68.Theoxygencanbecombinedwithhydrogeninafuelcell.

69.Alcoholproducedfromcornisarenewableenergysource.

70.Asolarcellworksmainlybasedontheoptoelectronicseffec.

71.Bacteriaaretermedprokaryoticbecausetheylacknuclearmembranes.

72.Chemoorganotrophsarereferredtoasautotrophs.

73.AspeciessurvivinginuncrowdedbutpossiblyphysicallyrestrictiveenvironmentsisdesignatedasK-selected.

74.ThenumericallypredominantbacteriainsoilareStreptomycetes.

75.Throughoutmostoftheworld,industryistheleadingconsumptiveuserofwater.

76.WithdrawalsforagriculturalpurposescurrentlyaccountforovertwothirdstotalabstractioninallOECDcountries.

77.Thepracticeofexploitingundergroundwaterforagricultureisessentialfortheprotectionofnaturalresources.

78.Landdegradation,isthedeclineinlandqualityorreductioninitsproductivityandenvironmentalregulatorycapacity.

79.Landdegradationisaphysicalprocessdrivenbysocioeconomicandpoliticalcauses.

80.Acceleratedsoilerosionisanotherprincipallanddegradationprocess

81.Inancienttimes,thedisposalofmunicipalsolidwasteattractedmuchpublicattention

82.Nowadays,noneofcountriesofareasdumpssolidwastesoutsideofthecityorvillage

83.Landfillshadbeentheprimarymethodofwastedisposalbecauseofthelowestcostandthesimplesttechnologyuntilthethreatofgroundwatercontaminationwasrecognized.

84.Highenergyfixationisthemainwayofnitrogenfixation.

85.AccordingtothetextthesecondstepofbiologicalfixationisthatthefreeNatomscombinewithoxygentoformtwomoleculesofnitrate.

86.Nitrogenisdirectlyabsorbedbyplantrootsandincorporatedintoaminoacids,whichpassthroughthefoodchain.

87.Nitrosomonasbacteriaandnitrobacteraretwogroupsofmicroorganismsthatinvolvedintheprocessofnitrification.

88.Accordingtothetext,nitrogencyclesinaquaticsystemsinasimilarmannerwithterrestrialecosystem.

89.Forestsareimportanttotheenvironmentbecausetheytakeincarbondioxideandreleaseanothergas–oxygen.

90.Livestockmanurecontainslargeamountsofammoniagasthatmustbeturnedbackintostablenitratebeforeitcanbeabsorbedasnutrientbyplant.

91.Abundantlyproductivefarmswithzeroinputandzeroemissionarepoweredbywaste-gobblingbugsandhumaningenuity.

92.Ethanol

93.Cellulose

94.Sugarcane

95.Hydrolysis

96.Electrolysis

97.Photovoltaics

98.Carbonmonoxide

99.Distillation

100.Livestock