本文为学习《研究生及博士后英语(2)：学术英语写作》的笔记。
（内容仅供参考，具体需自己斟酌）
目录
综述介绍
1.目的
- 证明对研究课题的重要文献很熟悉。
- 通过现有研究和差距证明自己的研究是有必要的
- 把新研究放在现有文献的背景下
2.介绍方法
- 按照主题或者发现组织（常用）
- 按照不同的方法分类（常用）
- 按照时间顺序介绍
文献综述的时态和常用语
1.背景介绍
（1）时态主要是现在完成时，如：
- For many years, this phenomenon has been surprisingly neglected by …
- Over the past decade, most research in X has emphasized the use of …
（2）常用表达
- In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on …
- During the past 30 years, much more information has become available on …
- Over the past two decades, major advances in molecular biology have allowed …
- It is only since the work of Smith (2001) that the study of X has gained momentum.
- Only in the past ten years have studies of X directly addressed how …
- A great deal of previous research into X has focused on …
- A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
- The vast majority of studies on X have been quantitative.
- Only recently has it been possible to search for the molecular mechanism that…
- Only recently has the attention been given to …
- The existing literature on X is extensive and focuses particularly on …
- There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of …
- There is considerable interest in organic materials with …
- What we know about X is largely based on observational studies.
- It was not until the late 1990s that scientists considered X worthy of scholarly attention.
- Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996…)
- Much research in recent years has focused on …
- A major current focus on X is how to ensure …
- Numerous experiments have established that …
- It is generally accepted that …
2.介绍以往研究的的重点和方法
（1）时态主要是现在完成时或过去时，如：
- Most research on X has been carried out in …
- Various studies have assessed the efficacy of …
（2）常用表达
- Most researchers investigating X have utilized …
- Much of the previous research on X has used the method designed by Smith (1980)
- Much of the X research has focused on identifying and evaluating the …
- The vast majority of studies on X have been quantitative.
- What we know about X is largely based on observational studies.
- Researchers attempted to evaluate the impact of …
- Most previous research on X has focused on the effects of …
- Previous studies have explored the relationships between X and Y (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1998).
- At least 120 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between …
- Numerous studies have attempted to explain … (for example, Smith, 1996; Jones, 1998)
3. 突出以前的发现
（1）时态主要是现在完成时，如：
- Many recent studies (e.g. Smith 2001; Jones 2005) have found that …
- Traditionally, it has been argued that … (e.g. Smith 1960; Jones 1972).
（2）常用表达
- Data from several studies suggest that …
- A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …
- In previous studies on X, different variables have been found to be related to …
- Many mathematicians have argued that … (e.g. Jones 1987; Johnson 1990; Smith 1994).
- There is a consensus among researchers in this field that … (e.g. Jones 1987; Johnson 1990; …
- Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith 1996; …).
- To date, several studies have revealed a correlation between …
- Previous studies have highlighted factors that are associated with…
- Recent evidence suggests that … (Smith 1998; Jones 2001)
- It has now been shown / demonstrated that … (Smith 1998; Jones 2001)
- Data from several sources have identified the increased X and Y associated with obesity.
- It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to … (Smith, 1998; …).
- Some cross-sectional studies suggest an association between X and Y (Smith, 2004; Jones, 2005).
- It has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995).
- It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 …).
- Up to now, a number of studies have confirmed the effectiveness of …
- To date, previous studies have linked X with Y.
- It has been experimentally demonstrated that …
- Researchers (Smith 1998; Jones 2001) have found that these parameters contribute most to …
- It has been shown in (Smith 1998; Jones 2001) that the method can be extended to …
- A large body of evidence suggests that …
- There is ample evidence supporting the …
- Previous research is mixed in terms of the impact of …
- The evidence is equivocal in terms of the impact of …
- Previous studies do not provide a direct evidence of …
4. （具体综述）介绍过去一项重要工作
（1）时态主要是过去时，如：
- Smith (1999) showed that …
- Smith (1999) compared the rate of …
- Smith et al. (2001) measured both components of the …
（2）常用表达
- A recent study by Smith and Jones (2012) involved …
- A qualitative study by Smith (2003) described how …
- Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Jones (1992).
- A longitudinal study of X by Smith (2012) reports that …
- A key study comparing X and Y is that of Smith (2010), in which …
- The first systematic study of X was reported by Smith et al. in 1986.
- Detailed examination of X by Smith and Jones (1961) showed that …
- Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al. (1983).
- A significant analysis and discussion on the subject was presented by Smith (1988).
- The study by Jones (1990) offers probably the most comprehensive empirical analysis of …
- In a follow-up study, Smith et al. (2009) found that …
- In his recent study, Smith (2015) measured both components of the …. He has successfully identified …
- In one well-known recent experiment, limits on X were found to be … (Smith 2013)
- Recently, Smith and Jones (2015) conducted a series of experiments on…
- In their recent study, Jones et al. (2017) analyzed the data from 72 countries and found that …
- In another major study, Jones et al. (1998) investigated whether …
- The way in which X is regulated was studied extensively by Smith (Smith et al.1995).
- To determine the effects of X, Smith et al. (1998) compared …
- To better understand the mechanisms of X and its effects, Jones (2013) analysed the …
- X was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study …
- The way in which X is regulated was studied extensively by Smith and colleagues (Smith et al. 1995 and 1998).
| Smith et al. (2013) | compared the rate of … measured both components of the … examined the effects of … conducted a series of cell experiments in which they mixed … investigated the differential impact of … formulated the new theory of … |
|---|
5. （具体综述）强调过去一次工作的重要发现
（1）时态主要为用于描述调查结果的过去时态，以及用于讨论的现在时，如：
- In her case study, Smith (2012) identified five characteristics of …
- Smith (2012) argues that preventative medicine is far more cost effective.
（2）常用表达
| Smith (2012) | identified X, Y, and Z as the major causes of … examined the cost of … and found that … listed three key reasons why … provided an in-depth analysis of … reported that … developed a new method/approach to … |
|---|
| Smith (2012) | argues that … claims that … suggests that … concludes that … points out that … |
|---|
| Smith (2012) | offers proposes suggests argues for provides | an explanatory theory for … |
|---|
6. （具体综述）表达同意或者不同意先前工作的转折
（1）时态主要为过去时或现在时
（2）常用表达
- Similarly, Smith (2012) found that…
- Likewise, Smith (2012) holds the view that …
- This view is supported by Smith (2012) who pointed out that …
- Smith (2012) argues that her data support Brown’s (1988) view that …
- Brown’s (1988) work on X is complemented by Smith’s (2012) study of …
- Unlike Smith, Jones (2013) argues that …
- In contrast to Smith, Jones (2013) argues that …
- Conversely, Jones (2013) reported no significant difference in mortality between X and Y.
- However, Jones’ (2013) study of X found no link between …
- Smith (2012) found that X accounted for 30% of Y. Other researchers, however, who have looked at X, have not found …
7. 总结
（1）时态主要为现在时，如：
- Together, these studies indicate that …
- Overall, these studies highlight the need for …
（2）常用表达
- Considering all of this evidence, it seems that …
- Collectively, these studies outline a critical role for…
- Overall, these studies indicate that …
- Taken together, these studies support the notion that …
- The studies presented thus far provide evidence that …
- Together, these studies provide important insights into the …
- All of the studies reviewed here support the hypothesis that …
- Two important themes emerge from the studies discussed so far:
- The evidence reviewed here seems to suggest a pertinent role for …
- These studies clearly indicate that there is a relationship between …
- In view of all that has been mentioned so far, one may suppose that …
- There remain several aspects of X about which relatively little is known.
8. 引用
- As Smith (2013: 320) notes/argues/points out/observes: “… … … … …”
- As Smith argues: “… … … …” (Smith 2013: 320)
- Smith concludes: “ … … … …” (Smith 2013: 320）
常用动词
1. 常用报告动词
在文献综述中，我们需要参考他人的研究并报告他们的发现。 在总结过程中，我们必须提及消息来源所说的话。 因此，我们需要使用各种报告动词来提及不同的观点。
| - | 弱势 | 中立 | 强势 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 增加 | - | adds | - |
| 建议 | - | advises | - |
| 同意 | admits, concedes | accepts, acknowledges, agrees, concurs, confirms, recognizes | applauds, congratulates, extols, praises, supports |
| 论证与说服 | apologizes | assures, encourages, interprets, justifies, reasons, maintains | alerts, argues, boasts, exhorts, contends, convinces, proves, emphasizes, forbids, insists, promises, persuades, warns, threatens |
| 相信 | guesses, hopes, imagines | believes, claims, expresses, feels, holds, knows, maintains, professes, subscribes to, thinks | asserts, declares, guarantees, insists, upholds |
| 结论 | - | concludes, discovers, finds, infers, realizes | - |
| 不同意与质疑 | doubts, questions | challenges, debates, disagrees, questions, requests, wonders | accuses, attacks, complains, contradicts, criticizes, denies, discards, disclaims, discounts, dismisses, disputes, disregards, negates, objects to, opposes, refutes, rejects |
| 讨论 | comments | discusses, explores | reasons |
| 强调 | - | - | accentuates, emphasizes, highlights, stresses, underscores, warns |
| 评价与检查 | - | analyses, appraises, assesses, compares, considers, contrasts, critiques, evaluates, examines, investigates, understands | blames, complains, ignores, scrutinizes, warns |
| 介绍 | confuses | comments, defines, describes, estimates, identifies, illustrates, implies, informs, instructs, lists, mentions, notes, observes, outlines, points out, presents, remarks, reminds, reports, restates, reveals, shows, states, studies, tells, uses | announces, promises |
| 解释 | - | articulates, clarifies, explains | - |
| 建议 | - | advises, advocates, hypothesizes, posits, postulates, proposes, suggests, theorizes | recommends, urges |
2. 报告动词时态
通常可以使用过去时或现在时的报告动词。 现在时更为普遍，因为这将过去的研究带入了现在。
过去式主要用于报告个人研究的发现或引用曾经是真实的但不再有效的信息。 但是，这可以根据学科领域而有所不同（例如，过去时态主要用于科学和心理学领域）。 请始终参考指南的建议。
如：
- In her study on Internet privacy, Johnson (2005, p.197) concludes that a person can be identified by name on the Internet using age and address details. (PRESENT TENSE/current information)
- Previous studies on Internet usage throughout the 1990s ignored the notion of Internet security and focused mainly on the benefits of accessing information via the Internet (Black, 2013, p. 39).(PAST TENSE/former studies examined in terms of relevance to topic in today’s world)
- In their study on suburban Internet usage, Smith et al. (2012, pp. 34-126) demonstrated that 90% of 2000 surveyed participants were concerned about violations of their privacy.
(PAST TENSE/data sampling was completed in the past.)
其他例子： - Jones (1999) argues, in his study of thermodynamics, that…
- As Jones (1999) argues in his study of thermodynamics, …
- In his study of thermodynamics, Jones (1999) argues that…
- Thermodynamics, argues Jones (1999), is…
- In considering Smith’s discussion on thermodynamics, Jones (1999) argues that …
- It has been argued that … (Jones 1999)
改写
引用他人文献的时候，不能直接搬原文，需要根据自己的理解，对原文内容进行改写，且不是较小的改动。
有四种常用的改写方法：
1. 使用同义词
例如：
- investigate: examine, study, research, consider, explore, inspect, search for, probe into, inquire into
- increase (verb) : raise, extend, boost, expand, enhance, develop, enlarge, strengthen, multiply
- decrease (verb): reduce, drop, decline, lessen, lower, shrink, diminish, wane, subside, slow down
- growth: development, increase, expansion, extension, enlargement, multiplication
- significant: important, marked, notable, striking, vital, critical, impressive, pronounced, momentous
同义词词典：
牛津英语同义词词典
科林斯英语同义词词典
2. 更改单词形式
更改单词形式涉及单词家族。 同一家族的成员可能属于不同的单词类别，例如名词，动词，形容词或副词（归纳，归纳，归纳，归纳）。 但是，在选择不同形式的单词时应该谨慎，因为句子可能会发生其他变化。 以induct – induction 为例：
- Six new members have been inducted into the Provincial Cabinet …
- The induction of six new members into the Provincial Cabinet has been carried out.
3. 改变语态
另一种建议的措辞策略是将句子的语态从主动语态更改为被动语态，或从被动语态更改为主动语态。 例如：
- (active voice): The travel agent offered the angry tourists a free weekend-break to compensate them for their disastrous holiday.
- (passive voice): The angry tourists were offered a free weekend-break by the travel agent to compensate them for their disastrous holiday.
4. 改变句子模式
有多种更改句子模式的方法。 在下面的示例中，句子的主题被更改。
- The richest one percent of Americans own 40% of the country’s wealth.
- Forty percent of the USA’s wealth is in the hands of one percent of its population.
学习资料原文：
黄月圆,《研究生及博士后英语(2)：学术英语写作》(2019年9月版).https://ias.szu.edu.cn/info/1030/2419.htm
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