学术写作笔记（5）：方法和实验

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最新推荐文章于 2021-06-06 15:04:16 发布

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本文为学习《研究生及博士后英语(2)：学术英语写作》的笔记。后续会持续更新，加入一些自己的总结。

（内容仅供参考，具体需自己斟酌）

方法和实验部分要素

需要回答两个问题：如何收集数据？如何分析？
如果使用了新方法或一起，应当详细描述，以便他人能复现实验。
如果使用的是既定的方法，只需引用参考。
如果使用的是既定的方法，但是作了一些修改，应该引用参考并描述修改的内容。
必要时使用子标题。
使用过去时。

时态与常用语

1.方法介绍

介绍先前研究中常用的方法

（1）时态主要为现在时或现在完成时，如：

The dansyl technique is a major method used for identifying N-terminal amino acids …
X and Y are currently the most popular methods for investigating …
The use of qualitative case studies is a well-established approach in …

（2）常用表达

One of the most well-known tools for assessing X is…
X is one of the most common procedures for determining …
There are a number of instruments available for measuring the …
The retrosigmoid approach is the major method used for …
Several methods currently exist for the measurement
Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on …
Traditionally, X has been assessed by measuring …
Xs have been used in the past to investigate the mechanical properties of …
Many researchers have used X to measure…
Recent advances in X methods have facilitated investigation of …

介绍从之前研究中采用或修改的方法

（1）时态主要为过去时。

（2）将自己的方法与其他研究联系起来的常用词和短语

with some alternations with some changes with some modifications with some adjustments loosely based on partially based on slightly modified from a modified version of	essentially the same essentially identical largely the same practically the same more or less identical very similar almost the same in line with

（3）常用表达

The method used in this study is in line with Smith’s method (2015) with some modifications.
The impact tests used in this work were a modified version of…
A revised version of the Structured Clinical Interview (4th edition) was used.
We modified the Du and Parker filter to address these shortcomings.
The procedure used is as described / reported / proposed by Smith (2015).
We used a variation of Smith’s model (2015).
Our sample was prepared according to the procedure used by Smith (2015).
The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).
X was synthesized using the same method that was detailed in Smith (2015).
Samples were analyzed as previously reported by Smith (2015).
Analysis was based on the conceptual framework proposed by Smith et al. (2002).
This compound was prepared by adapting the procedure used by Smith (2015).

给出采用该方法的原因

（1）时态主要为过去时

（2）常用表达

This method is adopted/used/chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of …
This method is adopted/used/chosen to obtain further in-depth information on the…
This method is adopted/used/chosen to capture the complexities of the phenomenon.
This method is particularly useful in studying …
This method offers an effective way of …
The major advantage of this method is ….The second advantage is …
One advantage of this analysis is that it avoids the problem of …
Another advantage of using computer simulations is that it allows …
Continuous sampling methods have a number of advantages over …
The X approach has a number of attractive features: …
The benefit of this approach is that …
X based methods provide a means of …
X was selected for its reliability and validity

2. 描述研究中使用的材料和仪器

（1）时态主要为过去时，如：

The sample was obtained from / supplied by Big Company Inc.
The instrument used / utilized / adopted / employed was …

（2）常用表达

This experiment involved sampling and analyzing …
The sample was selected / subdivided on the basis of X and Y.
The initial sample consisted of / was made up / was composed of …
A total of 10 samples was collected and then analyzed for …
All samples were carefully / thoroughly checked for …
Approximately / Just over / Slightly under a half / third / quarter of the sample were …
We believe this solution will aid / assist researchers to …
This solution improves on / enhances / furthers / advances previous methods by …
Data were collected using two high spectral resolution Xs.
This equipment has the ability / capacity / potential to outperform all previous Xs.
This apparatus has several / many interesting features / characteristics
The apparatus consists of / is made up of / is composed of / is based on …
The device was designed / developed / set up in order to …
X incorporates / exploits / makes use of the latest technological advances.
The system is equipped / is fully integrated / is fitted with a …
It is located in / situated in / positioned on ….

3. 描述实验程序

（1）时态主要为过去时，如：

For the purpose of analysis, 2 segments were extracted from each ….
For the estimation of protein concentration, 100 µL of protein sample was mixed with …

（2）常用单词和短语

X was/were	adapted added adjusted arranged attached collected combined computed controlled converted constructed created regulated quantified minimized maximized modified		X w as/were	designed derived discarded distributed divided eliminated estimated exposed normalized formulated generated immersed isolated included obtained inverted located		X wa s/were	filtered installed measured optimized prepared repeated operated restricted sampled selected separated stimulated stabilized substituted treated varied utilized

（3）常用表达

In order to understand how X regulates Y, a series of transfections was performed.
In order to identify the T10 and T11 spinous processes, the subjects were asked to ….
To control for bias, measurements were carried out by another person.
To rule out the possibility that …, we used ….
To determine whether …, the cells were incubated for ….
To increase the reliability of measures, each X was tested twice with a 4-minute break between ….
The process was repeated several times in order to remove ….
The procedures of this study were approved by ….
The experiments were run using custom software written in….
The solution was washed three times with deionized water and ….
The experiments were carried out over the course of the growing period from ….
Injection solutions were coded by a colleague to reduce experimenter bias.
Drugs were administered by icv injection under brief CO2 narcosis.
Samples 1-5 were prepared in our laboratory using a revised version of the method…
The specimen was monitored constantly for a period of 24 hours.

4. 数据分析程序

（1）时态主要为过去时，如：

The analysis of the data was processed using Microsoft Excel.
The data was categorized into …

（2）常用表达

The data were normalized using ….
We analyzed data as a function of …
The regression statistics was used for the correlation between…
Descriptive data were generated for all variables.
Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables used in the study using…
To see if the two methods gave the same measurement, the data was plotted and …
To compare the scores three weeks after initial screening, a global ANOVA F-test was used.
To investigate this statistically, we calculated …
The data was recorded on a digital audio recorder and transcribed using a ….
Semi-automated genotyping was carried out using X software and ….
We explored these effects statistically by …
Statistical analyses were performed by using the …
Statistical significance was analyzed by using / through the use of SoftGather.
Comparisons between the two groups were made using unrelated t-tests.
Data analysis was performed by SoftGather.
X was carried out / performed / analyzed / calculated / determined using SoftGather.
We used commercially available software / a commercially available software package.
Free software, downloaded from www.free.edu, was used / adopted to …
A multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of …
The significance testing was based on …
We analyzed the data using a two-way ANOVA followed by separate regression analyses on …
For the control treatment, we performed a multiple regression to determine …