本文为学习《研究生及博士后英语(2):学术英语写作》的笔记。后续会持续更新,加入一些自己的总结。
(内容仅供参考,具体需自己斟酌)
方法和实验部分要素
- 需要回答两个问题:如何收集数据?如何分析?
- 如果使用了新方法或一起,应当详细描述,以便他人能复现实验。
- 如果使用的是既定的方法,只需引用参考。
- 如果使用的是既定的方法,但是作了一些修改,应该引用参考并描述修改的内容。
- 必要时使用子标题。
- 使用过去时。
时态与常用语
1.方法介绍
介绍先前研究中常用的方法
(1)时态主要为现在时或现在完成时,如:
- The dansyl technique is a major method used for identifying N-terminal amino acids …
- X and Y are currently the most popular methods for investigating …
- The use of qualitative case studies is a well-established approach in …
(2)常用表达
- One of the most well-known tools for assessing X is…
- X is one of the most common procedures for determining …
- There are a number of instruments available for measuring the …
- The retrosigmoid approach is the major method used for …
- Several methods currently exist for the measurement
- Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on …
- Traditionally, X has been assessed by measuring …
- Xs have been used in the past to investigate the mechanical properties of …
- Many researchers have used X to measure…
- Recent advances in X methods have facilitated investigation of …
介绍从之前研究中采用或修改的方法
(1)时态主要为过去时。
(2)将自己的方法与其他研究联系起来的常用词和短语
with some alternations with some changes with some modifications with some adjustments loosely based on partially based on slightly modified from a modified version of | essentially the same essentially identical largely the same practically the same more or less identical very similar almost the same in line with |
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(3)常用表达
- The method used in this study is in line with Smith’s method (2015) with some modifications.
- The impact tests used in this work were a modified version of…
- A revised version of the Structured Clinical Interview (4th edition) was used.
- We modified the Du and Parker filter to address these shortcomings.
- The procedure used is as described / reported / proposed by Smith (2015).
- We used a variation of Smith’s model (2015).
- Our sample was prepared according to the procedure used by Smith (2015).
- The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).
- X was synthesized using the same method that was detailed in Smith (2015).
- Samples were analyzed as previously reported by Smith (2015).
- Analysis was based on the conceptual framework proposed by Smith et al. (2002).
- This compound was prepared by adapting the procedure used by Smith (2015).
给出采用该方法的原因
(1)时态主要为过去时
(2)常用表达
- This method is adopted/used/chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of …
- This method is adopted/used/chosen to obtain further in-depth information on the…
- This method is adopted/used/chosen to capture the complexities of the phenomenon.
- This method is particularly useful in studying …
- This method offers an effective way of …
- The major advantage of this method is ….The second advantage is …
- One advantage of this analysis is that it avoids the problem of …
- Another advantage of using computer simulations is that it allows …
- Continuous sampling methods have a number of advantages over …
- The X approach has a number of attractive features: …
- The benefit of this approach is that …
- X based methods provide a means of …
- X was selected for its reliability and validity
2. 描述研究中使用的材料和仪器
(1)时态主要为过去时,如:
- The sample was obtained from / supplied by Big Company Inc.
- The instrument used / utilized / adopted / employed was …
(2)常用表达
- This experiment involved sampling and analyzing …
- The sample was selected / subdivided on the basis of X and Y.
- The initial sample consisted of / was made up / was composed of …
- A total of 10 samples was collected and then analyzed for …
- All samples were carefully / thoroughly checked for …
- Approximately / Just over / Slightly under a half / third / quarter of the sample were …
- We believe this solution will aid / assist researchers to …
- This solution improves on / enhances / furthers / advances previous methods by …
- Data were collected using two high spectral resolution Xs.
- This equipment has the ability / capacity / potential to outperform all previous Xs.
- This apparatus has several / many interesting features / characteristics
- The apparatus consists of / is made up of / is composed of / is based on …
- The device was designed / developed / set up in order to …
- X incorporates / exploits / makes use of the latest technological advances.
- The system is equipped / is fully integrated / is fitted with a …
- It is located in / situated in / positioned on ….
3. 描述实验程序
(1)时态主要为过去时,如:
- For the purpose of analysis, 2 segments were extracted from each ….
- For the estimation of protein concentration, 100 µL of protein sample was mixed with …
(2)常用单词和短语
X was/were | adapted added adjusted arranged attached collected combined computed controlled converted constructed created regulated quantified minimized maximized modified | X w as/were | designed derived discarded distributed divided eliminated estimated exposed normalized formulated generated immersed isolated included obtained inverted located | X wa s/were | filtered installed measured optimized prepared repeated operated restricted sampled selected separated stimulated stabilized substituted treated varied utilized |
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(3)常用表达
- In order to understand how X regulates Y, a series of transfections was performed.
- In order to identify the T10 and T11 spinous processes, the subjects were asked to ….
- To control for bias, measurements were carried out by another person.
- To rule out the possibility that …, we used ….
- To determine whether …, the cells were incubated for ….
- To increase the reliability of measures, each X was tested twice with a 4-minute break between ….
- The process was repeated several times in order to remove ….
- The procedures of this study were approved by ….
- The experiments were run using custom software written in….
- The solution was washed three times with deionized water and ….
- The experiments were carried out over the course of the growing period from ….
- Injection solutions were coded by a colleague to reduce experimenter bias.
- Drugs were administered by icv injection under brief CO2 narcosis.
- Samples 1-5 were prepared in our laboratory using a revised version of the method…
- The specimen was monitored constantly for a period of 24 hours.
4. 数据分析程序
(1)时态主要为过去时,如:
- The analysis of the data was processed using Microsoft Excel.
- The data was categorized into …
(2)常用表达
- The data were normalized using ….
- We analyzed data as a function of …
- The regression statistics was used for the correlation between…
- Descriptive data were generated for all variables.
- Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables used in the study using…
- To see if the two methods gave the same measurement, the data was plotted and …
- To compare the scores three weeks after initial screening, a global ANOVA F-test was used.
- To investigate this statistically, we calculated …
- The data was recorded on a digital audio recorder and transcribed using a ….
- Semi-automated genotyping was carried out using X software and ….
- We explored these effects statistically by …
- Statistical analyses were performed by using the …
- Statistical significance was analyzed by using / through the use of SoftGather.
- Comparisons between the two groups were made using unrelated t-tests.
- Data analysis was performed by SoftGather.
- X was carried out / performed / analyzed / calculated / determined using SoftGather.
- We used commercially available software / a commercially available software package.
- Free software, downloaded from www.free.edu, was used / adopted to …
- A multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of …
- The significance testing was based on …
- We analyzed the data using a two-way ANOVA followed by separate regression analyses on …
- For the control treatment, we performed a multiple regression to determine …
学习资料原文:
黄月圆,《研究生及博士后英语(2):学术英语写作》(2019年9月版).https://ias.szu.edu.cn/info/1030/2419.htm