2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考英语（二）试题-解析版

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2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语(二) (科目代码：204) 考生注意事项

1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生姓名和考生编号；在答题卡指定 位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。

Section I Use of English

Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

  Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.（1） ,when done too often,this habit can sometimes hurt more than it （2）
  As for me,weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing （3） on the scale.That was bad to my overall fitness goals.I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass,but thinking only of （4） the number on the scale,I altered my training program.That conflicted with how I needed to train to （5） my goals.
  I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate （6） of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym.It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight （7） altering your training program.The most （8） changes will be observed in skill level,strength and inches lost.
  For these （9） ,I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule （10） .Since weight loss is not my goal,it is less important for me to （11） my weight each week.Weighing every other week allows me to observe and （12） any significant weight changes.That tells me whether I need to （13） my training program.
  I use my bimonthly weigh-in （14） to get information about my nutrition as well.If my training intensity remains the same,but I’m constantly （15） and dropping weight,this is a （16） that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
  The （17） to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health,fitness and well-being.I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden
of a （18） morning weigh-in.I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, （19） I’m training according to those goals,not the numbers on a scale.
  Rather than （20） over the scale,turn your focus to how you look,feel,how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.

1. [A]Therefore [B]Otherwise [C]However [D]Besides
2. [A]cares [B]warns [C]reduces [D]helps
3. [A]solely [B]occasionally [C]formally [D]initially
4. [A]lowering [B]explaining [C]accepting [D]recording
5. [A]set [B]review [C]reach [D]modify
6. [A]depiction [B]distribution [C]prediction [D]definition
7. [A]regardless of [B]aside from [C]along with [D]due to
8. [A]rigid [B]precise [C]immediate [D]orderly
9. [A]judgments [B]reasons [C]methods [D]claims
10. [A]though [B]again [C]indeed [D]instead
11. [A]track [B]overlook [C]conceal [D]report
12. [A]approve of [B]hold onto [C]account for [D]depend on
13. [A]share [B]adjust [C]confirm [D]prepare
14. [A]features [B]rules [C]tests [D]results
15. [A]anxious [B]hungry [C]sick [D]bored
16. [A]secret [B]belief [C]sign [D]principle
17. [A]necessity [B]decision [C]wish [D]request
18. [A]surprising [B]restricting [C]consuming [D]disappointing
19. [A]because [B]unless [C]until [D]if
20. [A]dominating [B]puzzling [C]triumphing [D]obsessing

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

  Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness,fear,and anger,guilt emerges a little later,in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms.Children aren’t born knowing how to say"I’m sorry";rather,they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences.This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,in the right amount,to be a good thing.
  In the popular imagination,of course,guilt still gets a bad rap.It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,"says Amrisha Vaish,a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia,adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger,for example,may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.Too much happiness can be destructive.
  And guilt,by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness,can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships.Guilt,in other words,can help hold a cooperative species together.It is a kind of social glue.
  Viewed in this light,guilt is an opportunity.Work by Tina Malti,a psychology professor at the University of Toronto,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies,Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt,which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice versa:High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
  In a 2014 study,for example,Malti looked at 244 children.Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations,she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions .Then the kids were handed chocolate coins,and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.For the low- sympathy kids,how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.The guilt-prone ones shared more,even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
  “That’s good news,"Malti says.“We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”

21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _______
    [A]regulate a child’s basic emotions
    [B]improve a child’s intellectual ability
    [C]intensify a child’s positive feelings [D]foster a child’s moral development
22. According to Paragraph 2,many people still consider guilt to be _______
    [A]deceptive
    [B]addictive
    [C]burdensome
    [D]inexcusable
23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that _______
    [A]an emotion can play opposing roles
    [B]emotions are socially constructive
    [C]emotional stability can benefit health
    [D]emotions are context-independent
24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______
    [A]may help correct emotional deficiencies
    [B]can bring about emotional satisfaction
    [C]can result from either sympathy or guilt
    [D]may be the outcome of impulsive acts
25. The word"transgressions"(Line 3,Para.5)is closest in meaning to _______
    [A]wrongdoings
    [B]discussions
    [C]restrictions
    [D]teachings

Text 2

  Forests give us shade,quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce,we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
  Thankfully,there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable"carbon sinks"long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now.California is leading the way,as it does on so many climate efforts,in figuring out the details.
  The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity.But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture,so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air.Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.The landscape is rendered less easily burnable.Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
  The need for such planning is increasingly urgent.Already,since 2010,drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California,most of them in 2016 alone,and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.
  California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020,and 60,000 by 2030— financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions.That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit,about half a million acres in all,so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.
  The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.
  State governments are well accustomed to managing forests,but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife,watersheds and opportunities for recreation.Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.California’s plan,which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year,should serve as a model.

26. By saying"one of the harderchallenges,"the author implies that _______
    [A]forests may become a potential threat
    [B]people may misunderstand global warming
    [C]extreme weather conditions may arise
    [D]global climate change may get out of control
27. To maintain forests as valuable"carbon sinks,"we may need to _______
    [A]lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity
    [B]accelerate the growth of young trees
    [C]strike a balance among different plants
    [D]preserve the diversity of species in them
28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to _______
    [A]cultivate more drought-resistant trees
    [B]find more effective ways to kill insects
    [C]reduce the density of some of its forests
    [D]restore its forests quickly after wildfires
29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?
    [A]To carry it out before the year of 2020.
    [B]To handle the areas in serious danger first.
    [C]To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.
    [D]To obtain enough financial support.
30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as _______
    [A]ambiguous
    [B]tolerant
    [C]cautious
    [D]supportive

Text 3

  American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years.The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
  Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S.and change jobs within the industry.If this doesn’t change,American businesses,communities,and consumers will be the losers.
  Perhaps half of U.S.farm laborers are undocumented immigrants.As fewer such workers enter the country,the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers,while still predominantly born in Mexico,are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single.They’re also aging.At the
start of this century,about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35.Now more than half are.And picking crops is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along:Native U.S.workers won’t be returning to the farm.
  Mechanization isn’t the answer,either—not yet,at least.Production of corn,cotton,rice,soybeans,and wheat has been largely mechanized,but many high-value,labor-intensive crops,such as strawberries,need labor.Even dairy farms,where robots do a small share of milking,have a long way to go before they’re automated.
  As a result,farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce.Starting around 2012,requests for the visas rose sharply;from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
  The H-2A visa has no numerical cap,unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year.Even so,employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need.The process is cumbersome,expensive,and unreliable.One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late.The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids,which remove some workers and drive others underground.
  In a 2012 survey,71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor.Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico.From 1998 to 2000,14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported.Little more than a decade later,the share of imports was 25.8 percent.
  In effect,the U.S.can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.

31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs? [A]Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.
    [B]Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.
    [C]Flaws in U.S.immigration rules for farm workers.
    [D]Decline of job opportunities in U.S.agriculture.
32. One trouble with U.S.agricultural workforce is _______
    [A]the rising number of illegal immigrants
    [B]the high mobility of crop workers
    [C]the lack of experienced laborers
    [D]the aging of immigrant farm workers
33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S.farming?
    [A]To attract younger laborers to farm work.
    [B]To get native U.S.workers back to farming.
    [C]To use more robots to grow high-value crops.
    [D]To strengthen financial support for farmers.
34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visafor its _______
    [A]slow granting procedures
    [B]limit on duration of stay
    [C]tightened requirements
    [D]control of annual admissions
35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
    [A]U.S.Agriculture in Decline?
    [B]Import Food or Labor?
    [C]America Saved by Mexico?
    [D]Manpower vs.Automation?

Text 4

  Arnold Schwarzenegger,Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you:It’s easy to beat plastic.They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you,the consumer,to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.
  The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.But the overarching message is directed at individuals.
  My concern with leaving it up to the individual,however,is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved.On their own,taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws,for example,will accomplish little and require very little of us.They could even be harmful,satisfying a need to have“done our bit”without ever progressing onto bigger,bolder,more effective actions—a kind of"moral licensing"that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
  While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws,we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers"we must shop sustainably,rather than as"citizens"hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.
  It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority—or even most people’s.We shouldn’t expect it to be.In her latest book,Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things,Elizabeth R.DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.
  This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action,or banning single-use plastics altogether.India has just announced it will“eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.”There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier,such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.
  DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment.It’s just that individual actions are too slow,she says,for that to be the only,or even primary,approach to changing widespread behavior.
  None of this is about writing off the individual.It’s just about putting things into perspective.We don’t have time to wait.We need progressive policies that shape collective action,alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.

36. Some celebrities star in a new video to _______
    [A]demand new laws on the use of plastics
    [B]urge consumers to cut the use of plastics
    [C]invite public opinion on the plastics crisis
    [D]disclose the causes of the plastics crisis
37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may _______
    [A]mislead us into doing worthless things
    [B]prevent us from making further efforts
    [C]weaken our sense of accomplishment
    [D]suppress our desire for success
38. By pointing out our identity as"citizens,"the author indicates that _______
    [A]our focus should be shifted to community welfare
    [B]our relationship with local industries is improving
    [C]we have been actively exercising our civil rights
    [D]we should press our governments to lead the combat
39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be _______
    [A]a win-win arrangement
    [B]a self-driven mechanism
    [C]a cost-effective approach
    [D]a top-down process
40. The author concludes that individual efforts
    [A]can be too aggressive
    [B]can be too inconsistent
    [C]are far from sufficient
    [D]are far from rational

Part B

Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

How seriously should parents take kids'opinions when searching for a home?

  In choosing a new home,Camille MeClain’s kids have a single demand:a backyard.
  MeClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’views weigh heavily on parents’real estate decisions,according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S.adults.
  While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions,realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’opinions may have.
  The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process,said Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.
  “Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves,especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,"he said.
  Greg Jaroszewski,a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates,said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home—but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities,if possible.
  Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home—without actually getting a choice in the matter,said Adam Bailey,a real estate attorney based in New York.
  Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process,Bailey said.
  Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children,said Tracey Hampson,a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita,Calif.And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.
  “Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise,but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions,"Hampson said.
  The other issue is that many children—especially older ones—may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows,said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside,Calif.
  “They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,“he said.“HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate.It’s not shelter,it’s a lifestyle.With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”
  Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.
  Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner,a real estate analyst with FitSmallBusiness.com.
  “Their opinions can change tomorrow,“Gurner said.“Harsh as it may be to say,that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions,but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best-and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”
  This advice is more relevant now than ever before,even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children,despite the current housing crunch.

Section III Translation

46.Directions:
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

  It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.He had such a pleasant,readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.How many times have I heard people say, "I could write a book.I just haven’t the time."Easily said.Not so easily done.James Herriot,contrary to popular opinion,did not find it easy in his early days of,as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”.While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent,the
final,polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising,re-writing and reading.Like the majority of authors,he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way,but these made him all the more determined to succeed.Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.

Section IV Writing

Part A

47. Directions：

Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic.Write him an email to
  （1）suggest a specific topic with your reasons,and
  （2）tell him about your arrangements.
  You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
  Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
  Do not write the address.(10 points)

Part B

48. Directions：
  Write an essay based on the following chart.In your writing,you should
  1）interpret the chart and
  2）give your comments.
  You should write at least 150 words.
  Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)

答案

Section I use of English

  定期称体重是一种可以让你了解任何体重显著波动的绝佳方式。(1)然而，如果做得太频 繁，这个习惯有时会弊大于(2)利。
  对我来说，每天称体重使我把注意力从保持整体的健康和活力转移到(3)仅 仅关注体重的 数值上。这不利于我的整体健身目标。我的体重虽然是以肌肉的形式增长了，但只想着(4)降 低体重秤上的数字.我就改变了训练计划。这与我需要通过训练来(5)达 到目标的方式相冲突。
  我还发现，每天称重并不能精确地(6)描述我在健身房里所做的努力和取得的进步。(7)由于 训练计划的调整，我需要大约三周到一个月的时间才能发现我的体重有明显的变化。最(8)直 接 的变化将体现在技能水平、力量和瘦身上。
出于这些(9)原因，我不再每天称体重. (10)而是改用每月称两次的方法。因为减重不是我 的目标，所以每周(11)追踪体重对我来说就不那么重要了。每隔一周称一次体重能够让我观察到 任何体重的显著变化并(12)解释其变化的原因。这可以告诉我是否需要(13)调整我的训练计划。
  我根据每月两次称重的(14)结果还能了解到我的营养摄入信息。如果我的训练强度保持 不变，但我经常感到(15)饥饿且体重下降，这一(16)迹象表明我需要提高日常卡路里的摄入量
  停止每天称体重的(17)决定对我的整体健康、体型和幸福感产生了奇妙的影响。自从我不 再背负着(18)令人失望的早上称体重的负担，我对锻炼的热情越来越高。(19)因 为我是根据这 些目标而不是体重的数值来锻炼身体，所以我更成功地实现了具体的健身目标。
  与其(20)沉迷于体重数值，不如将注意力转移到你的外表、自我感受、衣服是否合身以及你 的整体能量水平上来。
1 . 答案 C
考查语义逻辑。空格前一句提到，定期称重可以帮助我们了解自身体重的明显变化，为正面 描述，而空格后的 hurt 说明第二句为负面描述。前后句之间为转折关系。故答案选[C] 项 However“然而”。[A] 项 Therefore “因此”;[B] 项 Otherwise “否则”;[D] 项 Besides“除了， 此外”均不符合语境，故排除。
2 . 答案 D
考查反义复现。空格所在句意为，这种习惯的坏处有时候要比_______多，结合语境可知，此处 应指“弊大于利”,因此空格处应填入与hurt 意思相反的词，故答案选[D] 项 helps“有帮助”。 [A] 项 cares“关心”;[B] 项 warns“警告”;[C] 项 reduces“减少”均不能与hurt 形成呼应，故排除。
3 . 答案 A
考查语义理解。空格所在句意为，每天称重会让我把注意力转移到体重的数值上，而不是宽 泛的身体健康上；结合后一句提到的“bad to my overall fitness goals”可知，此处应填入副词 solely, 表示只关注体重的数值不利于我的整体健身目标，且solely 也与后面提到的only 相 呼应，故答案选[A] 项 。[B] 项 occasionally“偶尔”;[C] 项 formally“正式地”;[D] 项 initially “最初地”均不符合语境，故排除。
4 . 答案 A
考查词义辨析。空格所在句想表达的是，我的体重增加虽然是由于肌肉的增强，但是我所想的 是体重秤上的数字增大了，因此会关注怎样把数字“降下来”;并且根据空格前的but可知，句子 前后之间为转折关系，因此应填入与gained意思相反的词，故答案选[A] 项 lowering“降低”。 [B] 项 explaining“解释”;[C] 项 accepting“接受”;[D] 项 recording“记录”均不符合语境，故排除。
5 . 答案 C
考查固定搭配。空格所在句意为，上文提到的关注点的改变和我为了_______锻炼身体的目 标相冲突。 reach one’s goal为固定搭配，意为“达到目的”符合语境，故答案选[C] 项 。set one’s goal“设定目标”和modify one’s goal“修改目标”不符合语境，故排除[A] 项 和[D] 项 ； 而[B] 项 review“复习”不能与后面的goals 构成搭配，故排除。
6 . 答案 A
考查词义辨析。空格位于第三段的首句，且由句首提到的also 可知，该段所述内容与上一段 为并列关系，同样是在说关注点改变的不利方面。空格所在句意为，每天称重并不能精确地_______我在健身房里所做的努力和取得的进步。结合选项可知，depiction“描述”符合语境， 故答案选[A] 项 。[B] 项 distribution “分配”;[C] 项 prediction “预测”;[D] 项 definition “定 义”均不符合语境，故排除。
7 . 答案 D
考查短语辨析。空格所在句意为， 训练计划的调整，大约三周到一个月后，我才发现 我的体重有明显的变化。说明句子前后之间为因果关系，故答案选[D] 项 due to“由于”。 [A] 项 regardless of“不管”;[B] 项 aside from“此外”;[C] 项 along with“随着，连同”均不符 合语境，故排除。
8 . 答案 C
考查词义辨析。空格所在句意为，最_______变化将体现在技能水平、力量和瘦身三个方面。 空格处填入的形容词应与后面的宾语changes 构成语义搭配，且符合语境。故答案选[C] 项 immediate“直接的”。[A] 项 rigid“严格的”;[B] 项 precise“精确的”;[D] 项 和orderly “有序 的”与changes 搭配均不符合语境，故排除。
9 . 答案 B
考查固定搭配。空格位于段首，且空格后提到了，我停止了每天称重。说明上文所述的内容 是作者不再每天称重的原因。for these reasons 为固定搭配，意为“由于这些原因”符合语 境，故答案选[B] 项 。[A] 项 judgments “判断”;[C] 项 methods “方法”;[D] 项 claims “要求” 均不符合语境，故排除。
10.答案 D
考查语义理解。空格所在句中描述了两种不同的现象：“停止每天称体重”和“每月称两次体 重”。说明两种现象之间为代替关系，并结合空格前提到的switched to可知，答案选[D] 项 instead“代替，反而”。[A] 项 though“尽管”;[B] 项 again“又，再”;[C] 项 indeed“的确”均不 符合语境，故排除。
11.答案 A
考查语义理解。空格所在句意为，因为减重不是我的目标，所以每周_______体重对我来说就 不那么重要了。空格处的动词应与后面的宾语my weight 构成符合逻辑的动宾搭配，且本 文的主题是“称体重”,因此需要记录或追踪体重的变化，故答案选[A] 项 track“追踪”。[B]
项 overlook “忽视”;[C] 项 conceal“隐藏，隐瞒”;[D] 项 report“报道”均不符合语境，故排除。
12.答案 C
考查固定搭配辨析。空格所在句想表达的是，每两周称一次体重可以使我观察到明显变化并会找到“解释”这一变化的原因。空格处的动词应与后面的宾语weight changes构成符合 逻辑的动宾搭配。且该动词还应与observe 构成递进关系，即先观察到体重变化，再说明变 化的原因。故答案选[C] 项 account for“解释，说明”。[A] 项 approve of“同意，赞成”;[B] 项 hold onto“坚持住，抓紧”;[D] 项 depend on“依赖”均不符合语境，故排除。
13.答案 B
考查词义辨析。句首的That 指代空格前提到观察并了解体重变化，因此空格所在句是说这 一切可以告诉我是否需要“调整”我的训练计划。故答案选[B] 项 adjust“调整，调节”。[A] 项 share“分享”;[C] 项 confirm“证实”;[D] 项 prepare“准备”均不符合语境，故排除。
14.答案 D
考查语义理解。根据句子中的as well 可知，该句所述内容是对上一段的延续。上一段中提 到，每月称两次体重可以观察并了解体重变化，因此空格处应表示每月两次称重的“结果”还 能了解到我的营养摄入情况。故答案选[D] 项 results “结果”。[A] 项 features“特点”;[B] 项 rules“规则”;[C] 项 tests“测验”均不符合语境，故排除。
15.答案 B
考查语义理解。空格所在句承接上文提到的营养摄入，并结合空格后提到的“体重下降”及“需 要提高日常卡路里的摄入量”可知，空格处填入hungry 更符合语义要求。故答案选[B] 项。
16.答案 C
考查词义辨析。空格所在句想表达的是，上面的现象是一种“迹象”,提醒我需要增加日常卡 路里的摄入。故答案选[C] 项 sign“迹象”。[A] 项 secret“秘密，秘诀”;[B] 项 belief“信仰”; [D] 项 principle“原则”均不符合语境，故排除。
17.答案 B
考查语义理解。空格后的动词不定式结构作空格处名词的定语，意为“停止每天称体重这一_______",而句子后半部分想表达的意思是称重计划的改变对我自身已经有了明显的效果 结合选项可知，decision“决定”符合语境，故答案选[B] 项 。[A] 项 necessity“必要性”;[C] 项 wish“愿望”;[D] 项 request“要求”均不符合语境，故排除。
18 .答案 D
考查语义理解。空格处填入的形容词修饰后面的morning, 且空格所在句意为，我不再背负 着“令人失望的”早上称体重的负担，故答案选[D] 项。此处可理解为，我不再担心早上体重 会增加，之前在早上称体重时会因为发现体重增加而感到“失望”,也可选出 disappointing 。 [A] 项 surprising “令人惊讶的”;[B] 项 restricting “限制性的”;[C] 项 consuming “强烈的，令 人着迷的”均不符合语境，故排除。
19.答 案 A
考查语义逻辑。根据句意可知，空格前后之间为因果关系，即因为我根据我的目标而不是数 值来锻炼身体，所以我成功取得了健身的效果。故答案选[A] 项。
20.答 案 D
考查语义理解。根据句首的Rather than“而不是”及空格后的“体重数值”并结合上文内容 可知，作者对于“the scale”一直持否定态度。因此排除[A] 项 dominating “统治”和[C] 项 triumphing “胜利”;而puzzling over意为“苦苦思索，仔细琢磨”不符合语境，排除[B] 项。故 答案选[D] 项，此处是指，与“沉迷于或过分担心”数值不同，把关注点放在你的外表、自我感 受、衣服是否合身以及你的整体能量水平上才是更好的。

Section II Reading comprehension：

Part A

Text 1

  与悲伤、恐惧和愤怒等所谓的基本情绪不同，内疚感会随着孩子对社会和道德规范的日益 理解而表现得稍晚一些。孩子们不是天生就知道如何说“对不起”的；相反，随着时间的推移，他 们会了解到，这样的表述能够安抚父母和朋友——以及他们自己的良心。这就是为什么研究人 员普遍认为适量的所谓的道德内疚感是一件好事。
  当然，在大众的想象中，内疚感的名声仍然很糟。它让人非常难受——这种感觉等同于穿 着一件口袋里装满石头的夹克。然而，这种理解已经过时了。弗吉尼亚大学的心理学研究员 Amrisha Vaish说：“人们对什么是内疚以及内疚能起什么作用有了某种重新认识或反思。”他 补充说，这种重新认识是对情绪并非二元情感的更宽泛认识的一部分——在一种情境中可能是 有利的情绪在另一种情境中可能是有害的。例如，嫉妒和愤怒可能已经演变成提醒我们注意重 大的不平等现象。太多的幸福感可能是有破坏性的。
  而内疚感，通过促使我们更深入地思考我们的善良，可以鼓励人们弥补错误并修复人际关 系。换句话说，内疚感有助于将合作的物种聚集在一起。它是一种社会黏合剂。
  从这个角度来看，内疚是一个机会。多伦多大学的心理学教授Tina Malti的研究表明，内 疚感可能会弥补情感上的缺陷。在许多研究中，Malti 等人已经展示了，内疚和同情可能代表着 通往合作与分享的不同途径。 一些有低度同情感的孩子可以通过体会了更多的内疚感来弥补 这一不足，这可以控制他们的恶意冲动。反之亦然：高度同情感可以代替低度内疚感。
  例如，在2014年的一项研究中，Malti 观察了244名儿童。利用看护者的评价和孩子们的 自我观察，她对每个孩子的整体同情水平以及他们在道德违规后的负面情绪倾向进行了评估。 然后给孩子们金币巧克力并给他们机会与一个匿名的孩子分享。对于那些有低度同情感的孩 子来说，他们分享的多少似乎取决于他们感到内疚的倾向有多少。那些容易内疚的孩子分享得 更多，尽管他们并没有神奇地因其他孩子的匮乏而变得更有同情心。
  “这是个好消息，”Malti 说。“我们能够成为亲社会的人，因为我们造成了伤害并且感到后悔。”
21 .答案 D
本题是细节题。根据题干中的关键词guilt 和 be a good thing定位至首段。该段末句提 到，这就是为什么研究人员普遍认为适量的所谓的道德内疚感是一件好事。其中，句首的 This 指代的是前面描述的内容，即内疚感不是天生的，而是和一个孩子对社会和道德规范 的日益理解有关，是通过后天学习获得的。说明，内疚感能够“培养孩子的道德发展”。故 答案选[D] 项 。[A] 项“调节孩子的基本情绪”;[B] 项“提高孩子的智力”和[C] 项“强化孩子 的积极情绪”在文中均未提及，故排除。
22.答案 C
本题是细节题。根据题干定位至第二段。该段首句提到，在大众的想象中，内疚感的名声 仍然很糟。而第二句中提到的“它让人非常难受”进一步解释了首句。可知，许多人认为内 疚感是不好的或令人不舒服的，就像是衣服口袋里有石头一样，这一比喻更明确的说明，内 疚会让人感觉沉重。故答案选[C] 项“负担沉重的，繁重的”。[A] 项“欺骗性的，骗人的”;
[B] 项“使人上瘾的”和[D] 项“无法原谅的，不可宽恕的”均不符合文意，故排除。
23.答案 A
本题是推断题。根据题干中的关键词Vaish 定位至第二段，且awareness 与该段第四句中 出现的recognition 相对应。该句中提到，这种重新认识是对情绪并非二元情感的更宽泛认 识的一部分。破折号后的内容为解题关键，即在一种情境中可能是有利的情绪在另一种情 境中可能是有害的。可知，情绪可以扮演相反的角色或起到相反的作用。故答案选[A] 项 。[B] 项“情绪在社交上具有建设性”和[C] 项“情绪稳定有益于身体健康”在文中均未提 及，故排除；[D] 项“情绪与语境无关”与原文所述意思相反，故排除。
24.答案 C
本题是细节题。根据题干定位至第四段第三句。该句提到，Malti 等人已经表明，内疚和同 情可能代表着通往合作与分享的不同途径。可知，合作与分享要么归因于同情，要么归因 于内疚。故答案选[C] 项 。[A] 项“可能有助于纠正情绪缺陷”根据第四段第二句中提到的 “内疚感可能会弥补情感上的缺陷”可排除；[B] 项“能够带来情感上的满足”在文中并未提 及，故排除；第四段第三句是在说，内疚感的弥补可以控制冲动，而不是冲动与合作和分享 之间的关系，故[D] 项“可能是冲动行为的结果”不符合文意。
25 .答案 A
本题是词汇题。根据题干定位至第五段。该段第二句提到，利用看护者的评价和孩子们的自我 观察，她对每个孩子的整体同情水平以及他们在道德违规后的负面情绪倾向进行了评估。根据 目标词前出现的negative emotions“负面情绪”可知，目标词应含有消极意思，故答案选[A] 项“坏 事，不法行为”。[B] 项“讨论，商讨”;[C] 项“约束，限制”;[D] 项“教导”均不符合文意，故排除。

Text 2

  森林为我们提供了荫凉、宁静，同时成为应对气候变化中更艰巨的挑战之一。即使我们人 类依靠森林来吸收我们产生的大部分二氧化碳，我们也在威胁着它们的这种能力。我们正在加 速着气候变化，可能有一天会给我们留下碳排放量超过吸收量的森林。
  值得庆幸的是，有一种方法可以摆脱这种困境——但这需要达到一种微妙的平衡。帮助森 林茂盛生长，成为有价值的长期“碳汇”,可能需要降低它们目前吸收碳的能力。就像加州在许 多气候问题上所做的努力那样，他们在解决细节问题上走在了前列。
  该州提出的森林碳计划的目的是，大力砍伐森林中的小树并清除部分地区的灌木丛。这种 做法暂时降低了碳的承载能力。但剩余的树木吸收了更多的有效水分，因此它们得以茁壮成 长，恢复了森林从空气中吸收碳的能力。健康的树木也能更好地抵御昆虫。园林变得不那么易 燃了。即使发生火灾，消耗的树木也更少。
  这种规划的必要性日益迫切。自2010年以来，干旱和昆虫已经在加州造成了1亿多棵树 木的死亡，仅2016年就有大部分死亡，野火已经烧毁了数十万英亩的森林。
  加州计划到2020年，每年处理3.5万英亩森林，到2030年，每年处理6万英亩_______资金来 自于该州排放许可证拍卖的收益。可以受益的总森林面积约50万英亩，而这仅占其中的一小 部分，因此优先处理最容易发生火灾或干旱的地区是至关重要的。
  该战略还旨在确保从森林中遭到砍伐的木材所含有的碳以固体木材的形式被封存起来，或作 为生物燃料驱动原本依靠化石燃料而行驶的车辆。关于运输生物燃料的新研究已经在进行中。
  各州政府已经非常习惯于管理森林，但在传统意义上，他们关注野生动物、水域和娱乐活动 的机会。直到最近，他们才认识到森林在储存碳方面起着至关重要的作用。加州的计划预计将 于明年由州长最终确定，它应该会起到模范作用。
26.答案 A
本题是推断题。根据题干定位至首段。文章首句引出话题“在人类对抗气候变化中，森林 给我们带来了一个更为艰巨的挑战。”第三句指出，但我们造成的气候变化将会使我们森林 的碳排放量超过吸收量。说明，森林可能会对气候及人类的生存造成威胁。故答案选[A] 项“森林可能成为一个潜在的威胁”。[B] 项“人们可能会对全球变暖产生误解”;[C] 项“可 能出现极端的天气状况”;[D] 项“全球气候变化可能失控”均不符合文意，故排除。
27.答案 A
本题是细节题。根据题干定位至第二段。该段第二句提到，帮助森林茂盛生长，成为有价 值的长期“碳汇”,可能需要降低它们目前吸收碳的能力。故答案选[A] 项“降低它们目前 吸收碳的能力”。[B] 项“加快小树的生长”;[C] 项“在不同的植物之间取得平衡”;[D] 项 “保护它们的物种多样性”均不符合文意，故排除。
28 .答案 C
本题是细节题。根据题干定位至第三段。该段首句提到，森林碳计划的目的是大力砍伐森 林中的小树并清除部分地区的灌木丛。故答案选[C] 项“降低森林的密度”。[A] 项“种植 更多耐旱的树木”;[B] 项“找到更有效的杀虫方法”;[D] 项“发生野火后迅速恢复森林”均 不符合文意，故排除。
29 .答案 B
本题是细节题。根据题干定位至第五段。该段段首就提到，California plans,且段末明确指 出，因此优先处理最容易发生火灾或干旱的地区是至关重要的。故答案选[B] 项“首先处理 有严重危险的地区”。[A] 项“在2020年之前实施”;[C] 项“完善排放许可证拍卖”;[D] 项 “获得足够的财政支持”均不符合文意，故排除。
30.答 案 D
本题是态度题。解题的关键是把握明显感情色彩的关键词。而在文章末段末句提到，加州 的计划应该能起到模范作用。其中，model 是一个表示积极感情色彩的词，可推断作者的 态度应该是“支持的”。故答案选[D] 项。同时排除[A] 项“模棱两可的”;[B] 项“宽容的”和 [C] 项“谨慎的”。

Text 3

  几年来，美国农民一直在抱怨劳动力短缺。如果不对农场工人的移民法规进行彻底改革， 这些抱怨声就不太可能会停止。
  美国国会阻碍了人们为农业工作者提供更简单的签证的努力，该签证将允许外国工人在美国停 留更长时间并可在该行业内换工作。如果这种情况不改变，美国企业、社团和消费者将会成为输家。
  也许有一半的美国农业劳动者是无证移民。由于这些工人进入该国的人数减少，农业劳动 力的特征正在发生变化。今天的农业劳动者虽然仍然主要出生于墨西哥，但他们更多可能是定 居者而不是移民，更多可能是已婚者而不是单身。他们也在变老。在21世纪初，大约三分之一 的农作物工人年龄在35岁以上。现在超过一半的人是这样。而且收割庄稼对老年人来说很 难。一种经常被争论的解决劳动力短缺的方法仍然是像往常一样令人难以置信：美国本国工人 不会重返农场。
  机械化也不是答案——至少现在还不是。玉米、棉花、大米、大豆和小麦的生产已经基本机 械化，但许多高价值的劳动密集型作物，如草莓，仍需要劳动力。即使奶牛场的挤奶机器人做了 一小部分工作，要实现自动化还有很长的路要走。
  因此，农场越来越依赖使用H-2A 签证的临时工来填补劳动力缺口。大约从2012年开始， 申请签证的人数大幅增加；从2011年到2016年，签发的签证数量增加了一倍多。
  H-2A 签证没有数字上限，不像非农业工作的H-2B 签证，每年限制在6.6万份。即便如 此，雇主仍然抱怨他们没有得到他们所需要的全部员工。这个过程烦琐、昂贵且不可靠。 一项 调查发现，官僚作风的拖延导致H-2A 签证的工人平均晚22天上班。联邦政府对移民的突袭 行动加剧了劳动力短缺，该行动驱逐一些工人离开并迫使另一部分人躲藏起来。
  在2012年的一项调查中，71%的果树种植者以及近80%的葡萄干和浆果种植者表示他们 缺少劳动力。 一些西部农民对此做出了回应说，他们已经将业务转移到墨西哥了。从1998年 到2000年，美国人消费的水果中有14.5%是进口的。仅十年后，进口份额为25.8%。
  实际上，美国可以进口食物，或者进口采摘食物的工人。
31 .答案 C
本题是细节题。根据题干定位至前两段。此处主要讲的是美国针对外来农民所定的移民 法规中存在一些问题，并指出，如不及时解决，美国的企业、社团以及消费者都会受到影响。 可知，目前需要解决的一个问题是修改农场工人的移民法规。故答案选[C] 项“针对农场工 人的美国移民法规存在缺陷”。[A] 项“美国对外籍工人的歧视”;[B] 项“偏袒某些美国企 业的法律";[D] 项“美国农业中的就业机会减少”在文中均未提及，故排除。
32.答案 D
本题是细节题。根据题干关键词 trouble 和 U.S.agricultural workforce定位至第三段。
该段第二句中出现了agricultural workforce原词复现，该句后面提到变化的具体内容，即 美国的农场工人的年龄上涨，而且收割庄稼对老年人来说很难。可知，美国农场劳动力的 一个问题是农场工人老龄化。故答案选[D] 项“移民农场工人的老龄化”。[A] 项“非法移 民的人数增加”根据第三段前两句可排除；[B] 项“农作物工人的流动性高”根据第三段第三 句可排除；[C] 项“缺乏有经验的劳动者”在文中并未提及，故排除。
33.答案 B
本题是细节题。根据题干关键词much-argued solution定位至第三段末句。其中，原文中的 oft-debated cure与题干中的much-argued solution相对应，而冒号后的内容解释了这种经常被 谈论的方法，即美国本国工人不会重返农场。说明，本身的解决方法是“让美国本国工人重返 农场”。故答案选[B] 项 。[A] 项“吸引年轻劳动者从事农业工作”和[D] 项“加强对农民的财 政支持”在文中并未提及，故排除；[C] 项“使用更多的机器人种植高价值作物”虽在第四段 中有提及，但该段只提到，在种植高价值的作物上需要劳动力，与解决方法无关，故排除。
34.答案 A
本题是推断题。根据题干关键词employers complain定位至第六段第二句。该句提到了农 场雇主抱怨H-2A 签证的事实，而第三句提到的这个过程是烦琐、昂贵且不可靠的，则表明 了农场主抱怨的原因，随后提到的One survey是一个具体例子，说明与第三句想表达的观 点一致，且这一例子中也出现了delays 和 late 等词，进一步暗示雇主抱怨的原因，故答案选 [A] 项“缓慢的颁发流程”。[B] 项“逗留时间的限制”;[C] 项“严格的要求”;[D] 项“控制每 年的准许人数”均不符合文意，故排除。
35.答案 B
本题是主旨题。文章首段明确指出美国农民面临劳动力短缺的问题，而这一问题的根源在 于农场工人的移民法规；第二三段分析了移民签证和移民现状的冲突；第四段指出机械化
并不能解决该问题；第五六段分析了现在农场工人所依赖的H-2A 签证政策也没能有助于解决劳动力短缺；第七段通过研究调查再次确定了劳动力短缺的问题；末段总结并指出解 决方案：美国要么进口食品，要么进口农场劳动力。可知，labor 为本文中复现的主题词。 故答案选[B] 项“进口食物还是劳动力?”。[A] 项“美国农业正在衰退?”;[C] 项“墨西哥拯 救了美国?”;[D] 项“劳动力对战自动化?”均不符合文意，故排除。

Text 4

  Arnold Schwarzenegger,Dia Mirza和 Adrian Grenier向你传达了一个信息：战胜塑料很 容易。他们是世界环境日新视频中的部分主演明星——该视频鼓励消费者，换掉一次性塑料用 品，以应对塑料危机。
  世界环境日的主要信息包括呼吁各国政府通过立法来限制一次性塑料的使用。但首要的 信息是针对个人的。
  然而，我担心的是，我们对需要实现的目标认识是有限的。例如，就他们自己而言，拿我们自己 的袋子去杂货店或放弃使用塑料吸管，费力但没有成效，对自身的要求也很小。这种做法甚至可能是 有害的，满足了在不采取更大、更明显、更有效的措施的情况下“尽自己的一份力量”的需要——这是 一种“道德许可”,它可以缓解我们的担忧，我们可能会因此而不再作为，也不再敦促相关负责人 做出更大的努力。
  虽然围绕我们的环境和我们对环境责任的讨论仍集中在购物袋和吸管上，但我们忽略了权 力的平衡，这意味着作为“消费者”,我们必须以可持续地方式购物，而不是作为“公民”,去推动 我们的政府和行业承担责任，做出真正系统性的变革。
  重要的是要认识到环境并非每个人的首要任务——甚至不是大多数人的首要任务。我们 不应期望它会是。Elizabeth R.DeSombre在她的新书《为什么好人会做不利于环境的事情》 中认为，集体改变大多数人行为的最佳方式是结构性的改变。
  这可能意味着实施一些政策，如征收塑料税，从而增加环境问题行动的成本，或者完全禁止 使用一次性塑料制品。印度刚刚宣布它将“在2022年前消除国内所有一次性塑料制品”。还有 一些基于激励的方法可以让人们更容易地做出令环境变得更好的选择，比如确保回收利用至少 和垃圾处理一样容易。
  DeSombre 并不是说人们应该停止关心环境。她说，只是个人行动太慢，不足以成为改变 普遍行为的唯一途径，甚至也不是根本途径。
  这并不是要抹杀个人行为。而是换一个角度看问题。我们没有时间等了。我们需要制定 能够形成集体行为的进步政策以及推动变革的热心公民。
36. 答 案 B
本题是推断题。根据题干关键词celebrities 和 in a new video定位至首段。该段提到了鼓 励消费者换掉一次性塑料用品，从而对抗塑料危机。故答案选[B] 项“敦促消费者减少塑料 的使用”。其中urge 一词与文中的encouraging 相对应，cut the use of plastics与文中的 swap out your single-use plastic staples相对应。[A] 项“要求制定有关使用塑料的新法 律”;[C] 项“邀请公众就塑料危机发表意见”;[D] 项“揭示塑料危机的原因”均不是名人出 演新影片的目的，故排除。
37 .答案 B
本题是细节题。根据题干定位至第三段。由该段末句可知，这种“道德许可”使他们在没有 采取更大、更明显、更有效的措施的情况下满足了心理需求，因此，作者担心“道德许可”可 能会“妨碍我们进一步的行动”,故答案选[B] 项 。[A] 项“误导我们做毫无价值的事情”;
[C] 项“削弱我们的成就感”;[D] 项“抑制我们对成功的渴望”均不符合文意，故排除。
38.答案 D
本题是推断题。根据题干关键词as"citizens" 定位至第四段。该段后半句提到，而不是作 为“公民”,去推动我们的政府和行业承担责任，做出真正系统性的变革。说明，作者希望政 府能自觉地做出改变来应对当下的情形，故答案选[D] 项“我们应该施压于政府使其主导这 场斗争”。[A] 项“我们的重点应该转移到社区福利上”;[B] 项“我们与当地工业的关系正 在改善”;[C] 项“我们一直在积极行使公民权利”均不符合文意，故排除。
39. 答 案 D
本题是细节题。根据题干关键词DeSombre 和 the best way for a collective change定位至 第五和六段。第五段提到，DeSombre 认为集体改变大多数人行为的最佳方式是结构性的 改变。而第六段进一步从市民和政府的角度，阐述了这种结构化的改变。故答案选[D] 项 “自上而下的过程”。[A] 项“双赢的安排”;[B] 项“自我驱动的机制”;[C] 项“一种划算的方 法”均不符合文意，故排除。
40. 答 案 C
本题是细节题。根据题干关键词individual 定位至末段。该段提到，这并不是要抹杀个人 行为。而是换一个角度看问题。我们没有时间等了。我们需要制定能够形成集体行为的 进步政策以及推动变革的热心公民。说明，作者强调单靠个人的努力还远远不够，还需要 政策的进一步支持。故答案选[C] 项 。[A] 项“可能过于激进”;[B] 项“可能太不协调了”; [D] 项“很不理性”均不符合文意，故排除。

Part B

家长在购置房产时是否该认真考虑孩子的意见?

  在选择新家时，Camille MeClain的孩子们只有一个要求：有个后院。
  根据哈里斯民意调查公司2018年对2000多名美国成年人进行的一项调查显示，McClain 的孩子们并不是唯一对住房方面有看法的孩子，在很多情况下，年轻人的意见对父母的房地产 决策有很大影响。
  虽然越来越多的家庭反对老一代的倾向，让孩子们对房地产决策一无所知，但房地产经纪 人和心理学家对孩子们的观点可能会产生的财务、个人以及长期影响看法不一。
  芝加哥的临床心理学家Ryan Hooper说，让孩子们参与重大决策的想法是个好主意，因为 这能帮助他们在一个势不可挡的过程中感受到控制感和主人翁感
  他说：“孩子们在应对重大搬迁时可能会面临严重的困难，特别是如果将其从目前的学校或 支持系统中除名。”
  Greg Jaroszewski是加利亚尔多不动产联合公司的房地产经纪人，他说，他不认为孩子应 该参与选择房子_______但如果可能的话，在考量与朋友和社交活动的亲近距离时，他们的意见应 该被考虑到。
  纽约的房地产律师Adam Bailey说，年幼的孩子应该会觉得自己是在选择自己的家——而 实际上并没有做出选择。
  Bailey 说，问他们喜欢有什么样后院的房子，会让他们觉得自己被纳入了决策过程。
  加州圣克拉里塔市的房地产经纪人Tracey Hampson说，购房的很多方面都不能考虑孩子 们的因素。过分强调他们的意见可能会毁掉一笔不错的购房交易。
  “在做出买房决定之前和孩子们谈谈是明智的，但我不会仅仅根据他们的意见就做出购买决定。” 另一个问题是，很多孩子——尤其是年龄稍大点的孩子——可能会把他们的房地产知识建立在家园频道播放的节目上，加州湖畔诺里斯集团的Aaron Norris说。
  “他们和我们一样喜欢 Chip 和 Joanna Gaines,"他说。“家园频道已经严重改变了人们对房地 产的看法。它不是庇护所，而是一种生活方式。这种心态的改变会带来一些严重的金钱后果。
Norris 说，孩子们往往会沉迷于这些特征以及这些特征给他们带来的直接好处。
FitSmallBusiness 网站的房地产分析师Julie Gurner表示，父母需要提醒孩子，他们的需求 和欲望可能会随着时间的推移而改变。
  “他们的观点可能明天就会改变，"Gurner 说。“也许这听起来可能很苛刻，但这个决定不 应该取决于孩子的意见，而是应该为他们考虑什么样的家最能满足他们的需求——并给他们一 个机会去定制它，让它真正成为自己的家。”
  这条建议现在比以往任何时候都更有意义，尽管越来越多的父母想要接受孩子们的想法， 尽管目前正处于住房紧缩的情况下。
41.答案 D
Ryan Hooper出现在第四段。该段提出观点，让孩子们参与重大决策的想法是个好主意， 因为这能帮助他感受到控制感和主人翁感。[G] 项“认为应该给孩子一种参与购房决策的 感觉”强调的是参与的感觉，并非第四段中提到的控制感和主人翁感，偷换概念，故排除。 而第五段也是Hooper 说的话，即他认为孩子们在应对重大搬迁时可能会面临严重的困难。 故答案选[D] 项“评论说重大搬迁可能对孩子构成挑战”。
42. 答案 G
Adam Bailey出现在第七和八段。此处提到，年幼的孩子应该会觉得自己是在选择自己的家…… 会让他们觉得自己被纳入了决策过程。可知，Bailey强调参与决策的感觉，故答案选[G] 项。
43. 答案 F
Tracey Hampson出现在第九和十段。此处提到，购房的很多方面都不能考虑孩子们的因 素……我不会仅仅根据他们的意见就做出购买决定。表达了说话者所持的否定观点，故答 案选[F] 项“建议购房不应该仅仅基于孩子的意见”。
44.答案 C
Aaron Norris出现在第十一段。他认为孩子们把房地产知识建立在家园频道播放的节目 上，其中，“HGTV shows"为关键词。故答案选[C] 项“认为许多孩子对房地产的看法受到 了媒体的影响”。
45. 答案 B
Julie Gurner出现在倒数第二、三段。此处提到，父母需要提醒孩子，他们的需求和欲望可 能会随着时间的推移而改变，同时，父母应该为他们的孩子考虑什么样的家最能满足他们 的需求——并给他们一个机会去定制它。故答案选[B] 项“认为购房决策应该基于孩子的 需求而不是他们的意见”。其中，关键词needs 和 opinions均在文中复现。

SectionIII Translation

  英国作家詹姆斯 · 海里厄特容易被人低估。他的作品风格欢快易读，让人觉得谁都可 以模仿。有多少次我都听人说：“我也能写书。我只是没那时间。”说起来轻巧。做起来就 没那么简单了。和一般人的想法相反，按詹姆斯 ·海里厄特的话说，“玩写作这种游戏”之 初，他可没觉得容易。他显然天分极高，但他最终呈现给世人的精湛作品却是多年练习、重 写和阅读的结果。跟大多数作家一样，他一路走来也不得不遭受了许多失望和被拒之苦，但这些更坚定了他要成功的决心。他一生的所有成就都是艰苦努力的结果，他在文学领域的成功也不例外。

Section IV Writing

Part A

47.[高分作文]
Dear Professor Smith,
  I am exceedingly honored to hear the news that you ask me to plan the debate on the theme of city traffic,and I am writing mainly to put forward advice on the topic of this debate and introduce my preliminary arrangements concerned.
  To begin with,the debate can be conducted with the topic of"By Bus or By Bike"on the ground that a host of residents prefer convenient vehicles to reduce time cost under the background of increasingly heavy city traffic.Therefore,the participants in this debate can take an active part in it due to their real experience in daily life.Regarding the arrangements of the debate,it could be hold from nine o’clock to twelve o’clock on next Friday in the Lecture Hall of our library.
  If you have any other ideas about this debate and its arrangement,please contact me in your convenience.I am looking forward to your early reply.
                    Yours sincerely,
                    Li Ming

Part B

48.[高分作文]
  The bar chart given above reflects the changes of choices of graduates of a university in 2013 and 2018.To be specific,the percentage of graduates seeking jobs decreases sharply from 68.1%,to 60.7%.On the contrary,the proportion of graduates pursuing further study rises sharply from 26.3%to 34.0%and individuals creating their own business jumps from 1.3%to 2.6%.
  It is not difficult for us to come up with some possible factors to account for the trends.To begin with,college students nowadays are facing fiercer competition in seeking and maintaining a job,so that some of them have to continue their learning or create their own business;Besides,with the economy booming and society advancing,the rapid growth of personal wealth has also laid a solid basis for them to afford a higherdegree and achieve their self-realization.At last,it is very challenging to start a business for graduates who lack the resources and experience,so that number was very small.With more favorable conditions provided by the government to encourage high-technology start- ups,some graduates were willing to take the opportunity to become entrepreneurs.
  Overall,from 2013 to 2018,majority of students found employment after graduation and the number fell slightly.A smaller number choose to pursue a higher degree,and the smallest number choose to start a business,though the last two groups saw a light growth.And it is certain that they will continue in years to come.