matplotlib.pyplot可视化库中contour与contourf的区别

contour做的云图不是填充的，而contourf画的云图是填充的
来两个例子一目了然，代码可用。（本文例子来自matplotlib管网）

contour函数

contour([X, Y,] Z, [levels], **kwargs)

• X, Y， The coordinates of the values in Z.

X and Y must both be 2-D with the same shape as Z (e.g. created via numpy.meshgrid), or they must both be 1-D such that len(X) == M is the number of columns in Z and len(Y) == N is the number of rows in Z.

If not given, they are assumed to be integer indices, i.e. X = range(M), Y = range(N).

• Z array-like(N, M)

The height values over which the contour is drawn.

• levels int or array-like, optional

Determines the number and positions of the contour lines / regions.

If an int n, use MaxNLocator, which tries to automatically choose no more than n+1 “nice” contour levels between vmin and vmax.

If array-like, draw contour lines at the specified levels. The values must be in increasing order.

import matplotlib
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.cm as cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

delta = 0.025
x = np.arange(-3.0, 3.0, delta)
y = np.arange(-2.0, 2.0, delta)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z1 = np.exp(-X**2 - Y**2)
Z2 = np.exp(-(X - 1)**2 - (Y - 1)**2)
Z = (Z1 - Z2) * 2
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
CS = ax.contour(X, Y, Z)
ax.clabel(CS, inline=True, fontsize=10)
ax.set_title('Simplest default with labels')
plt.show()

我们可以结合cmap，让不同大小区域用不同颜色填充，将下面代码替换掉上面的相应代码。

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
im = ax.imshow(Z, interpolation='bilinear', origin='lower',
               cmap=cm.gray, extent=(-3, 3, -2, 2))
levels = np.arange(-1.2, 1.6, 0.2)
CS = ax.contour(Z, levels, origin='lower', cmap='flag', extend='both',
                linewidths=2, extent=(-3, 3, -2, 2))
# Thicken the zero contour.
zc = CS.collections[6]
plt.setp(zc, linewidth=4)
ax.clabel(CS, levels[1::2],  # label every second level
          inline=True, fmt='%1.1f', fontsize=14)
# make a colorbar for the contour lines
CB = fig.colorbar(CS, shrink=0.8)
ax.set_title('Lines with colorbar')
# We can still add a colorbar for the image, too.
CBI = fig.colorbar(im, orientation='horizontal', shrink=0.8)
# This makes the original colorbar look a bit out of place,
# so let's improve its position.
l, b, w, h = ax.get_position().bounds
ll, bb, ww, hh = CB.ax.get_position().bounds
CB.ax.set_position([ll, b + 0.1*h, ww, h*0.8])
plt.show()

contourf函数

contour([X, Y,] Z, [levels], **kwargs)

• X, Y，The coordinates of the values in Z.

X and Y must both be 2-D with the same shape as Z (e.g. created via numpy.meshgrid), or they must both be 1-D such that len(X) == M is the number of columns in Z and len(Y) == N is the number of rows in Z.

If not given, they are assumed to be integer indices, i.e. X = range(M), Y = range(N).

• Z array-like(N, M)
  The height values over which the contour is drawn.
• levels int or array-like, optional

Determines the number and positions of the contour lines / regions.

If an int n, use MaxNLocator, which tries to automatically choose no more than n+1 “nice” contour levels between vmin and vmax.

If array-like, draw contour lines at the specified levels. The values must be in increasing order.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

origin = 'lower'

delta = 0.025

x = y = np.arange(-3.0, 3.01, delta)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z1 = np.exp(-X**2 - Y**2)
Z2 = np.exp(-(X - 1)**2 - (Y - 1)**2)
Z = (Z1 - Z2) * 2

nr, nc = Z.shape

# put NaNs in one corner:
Z[-nr // 6:, -nc // 6:] = np.nan
# contourf will convert these to masked


Z = np.ma.array(Z)
# mask another corner:
Z[:nr // 6, :nc // 6] = np.ma.masked

# mask a circle in the middle:
interior = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2) < 0.5
Z[interior] = np.ma.masked

# We are using automatic selection of contour levels;
# this is usually not such a good idea, because they don't
# occur on nice boundaries, but we do it here for purposes
# of illustration.

fig1, ax2 = plt.subplots(constrained_layout=True)
CS = ax2.contourf(X, Y, Z, 10, cmap=plt.cm.bone, origin=origin)

# Note that in the following, we explicitly pass in a subset of
# the contour levels used for the filled contours.  Alternatively,
# We could pass in additional levels to provide extra resolution,
# or leave out the levels kwarg to use all of the original levels.

CS2 = ax2.contour(CS, levels=CS.levels[::2], colors='r', origin=origin)

ax2.set_title('Nonsense (3 masked regions)')
ax2.set_xlabel('word length anomaly')
ax2.set_ylabel('sentence length anomaly')

# Make a colorbar for the ContourSet returned by the contourf call.
cbar = fig1.colorbar(CS)
cbar.ax.set_ylabel('verbosity coefficient')
# Add the contour line levels to the colorbar
cbar.add_lines(CS2)

fig2, ax2 = plt.subplots(constrained_layout=True)
# Now make a contour plot with the levels specified,
# and with the colormap generated automatically from a list
# of colors.
levels = [-1.5, -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1]
CS3 = ax2.contourf(X, Y, Z, levels,
                   colors=('r', 'g', 'b'),
                   origin=origin,
                   extend='both')
# Our data range extends outside the range of levels; make
# data below the lowest contour level yellow, and above the
# highest level cyan:
CS3.cmap.set_under('yellow')
CS3.cmap.set_over('cyan')

CS4 = ax2.contour(X, Y, Z, levels,
                  colors=('k',),
                  linewidths=(3,),
                  origin=origin)
ax2.set_title('Listed colors (3 masked regions)')
ax2.clabel(CS4, fmt='%2.1f', colors='w', fontsize=14)

# Notice that the colorbar gets all the information it
# needs from the ContourSet object, CS3.
fig2.colorbar(CS3)

# Illustrate all 4 possible "extend" settings:
extends = ["neither", "both", "min", "max"]
cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap("winter")
cmap.set_under("magenta")
cmap.set_over("yellow")
# Note: contouring simply excludes masked or nan regions, so
# instead of using the "bad" colormap value for them, it draws
# nothing at all in them.  Therefore the following would have
# no effect:
# cmap.set_bad("red")

fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2, constrained_layout=True)

for ax, extend in zip(axs.ravel(), extends):
    cs = ax.contourf(X, Y, Z, levels, cmap=cmap, extend=extend, origin=origin)
    fig.colorbar(cs, ax=ax, shrink=0.9)
    ax.set_title("extend = %s" % extend)
    ax.locator_params(nbins=4)

plt.show()