罗尔中值定理
若函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)满足
- 在闭区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]内连续
- 在开区间 ( a , b ) (a,b) (a,b)内可导
- f ( a ) = f ( b ) f(a)=f(b) f(a)=f(b)
则存在 ξ ∈ ( a , b ) \xi\in (a,b) ξ∈(a,b),使得 f ′ ( ξ ) = 0 f'(\xi)=0 f′(ξ)=0
例1
设函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上连续,在
(
a
,
b
)
(a,b)
(a,b)内二阶可导,且有
f
(
a
)
=
f
(
c
)
=
f
(
b
)
f(a)=f(c)=f(b)
f(a)=f(c)=f(b),其中
a
<
c
<
b
.
a<c<b.
a<c<b.
求证:
∃
ξ
∈
(
a
,
b
)
,
f
′
′
(
ξ
)
=
0.
\exist \xi \in(a,b),f''(\xi)=0.
∃ξ∈(a,b),f′′(ξ)=0.
解:
∵
f
(
x
)
\qquad \because f(x)
∵f(x)在
[
a
,
c
]
[a,c]
[a,c]上连续,在
(
a
,
c
)
(a,c)
(a,c)内可导,
f
(
a
)
=
f
(
c
)
f(a)=f(c)
f(a)=f(c)
∴ \qquad \therefore ∴由罗尔定理得 ∃ m ∈ ( a , c ) \exist m\in(a,c) ∃m∈(a,c),使得 f ′ ( m ) = 0 f'(m)=0 f′(m)=0
∵ f ( x ) \qquad \because f(x) ∵f(x)在 [ c , b ] [c,b] [c,b]上连续,在 ( c , b ) (c,b) (c,b)内可导, f ( c ) = f ( b ) f(c)=f(b) f(c)=f(b)
∴ \qquad \therefore ∴由罗尔定理得 ∃ n ∈ ( c , b ) \exist n\in(c,b) ∃n∈(c,b),使得 f ′ ( n ) = 0 f'(n)=0 f′(n)=0
∵ f ′ ( x ) \qquad \because f'(x) ∵f′(x)在 [ m , n ] [m,n] [m,n]上连续,在 ( m , n ) (m,n) (m,n)内可导, f ′ ( m ) = f ′ ( n ) = 0 f'(m)=f'(n)=0 f′(m)=f′(n)=0
∴ \qquad \therefore ∴由罗尔定理得 ∃ ξ ∈ ( m , n ) \exist \xi\in(m,n) ∃ξ∈(m,n),使得 f ′ ′ ( ξ ) = 0 f''(\xi)=0 f′′(ξ)=0
\qquad 即 ∃ ξ ∈ ( a , b ) , f ′ ′ ( ξ ) = 0. \exist \xi \in(a,b),f''(\xi)=0. ∃ξ∈(a,b),f′′(ξ)=0.
例2
设函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
[
0
,
1
]
[0,1]
[0,1]上连续,在
(
0
,
1
)
(0,1)
(0,1)内可导,且
f
(
0
)
=
1
f(0)=1
f(0)=1,
f
(
1
)
=
0
f(1)=0
f(1)=0,
求证:
∃
ξ
∈
(
0
,
1
)
\exist \xi \in(0,1)
∃ξ∈(0,1)使得
f
′
(
ξ
)
=
−
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
f'(\xi)=-\dfrac{f(\xi)}{\xi}
f′(ξ)=−ξf(ξ)。
证:
\qquad
令
F
(
x
)
=
x
f
(
x
)
F(x)=xf(x)
F(x)=xf(x)
F ( 0 ) = 0 × f ( 0 ) = 0 , F ( 1 ) = 1 × f ( 1 ) = 0 \qquad F(0)=0\times f(0)=0,F(1)=1\times f(1)=0 F(0)=0×f(0)=0,F(1)=1×f(1)=0
∵ F ( x ) \qquad \because F(x) ∵F(x)在 [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] [0,1]上连续, F ( x ) F(x) F(x)在 ( 0 , 1 ) (0,1) (0,1)内可导, F ( 0 ) = F ( 1 ) F(0)=F(1) F(0)=F(1)
∴ \qquad \therefore ∴由罗尔定理得 ∃ ξ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) \exist \xi\in(0,1) ∃ξ∈(0,1),使得 F ′ ( ξ ) = 0 F'(\xi)=0 F′(ξ)=0
\qquad 即 f ( ξ ) + ξ f ′ ( ξ ) = 0 f(\xi)+\xi f'(\xi)=0 f(ξ)+ξf′(ξ)=0,得证 f ′ ( ξ ) = − f ( ξ ) ξ f'(\xi)=-\dfrac{f(\xi)}{\xi} f′(ξ)=−ξf(ξ)