永磁同步电机错相分析—原创

永磁同步电机的正常相序为UVW，错相分为两种，即错其中2相（UWV，WVU，VUW）和3相全错（VWU，WUV）。下面对正常情况和错相情况进行分析，并指出不同的错相情况会出现什么样的现象。

正常相序

正常情况下的磁场合成：

$$\begin{array}{rl}{I}_{{\alpha }_{\beta }}& =\frac{2}{3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& -0.5& -0.5\\ 0& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}& -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_u\\ I_v\\ I_w\end{array}\right]\\ & =\frac{2}{3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& -0.5& -0.5\\ 0& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}& -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{m}sin{\theta }^{\ast }\\ I_{m}sin({\theta }^{\ast }+120^o)\\ I_{m}sin({\theta }^{\ast }-120^o)\end{array}\right]\\ & =\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{m}sin{\theta }^{\ast }\\ I_{m}cos{\theta }^{\ast }\end{array}\right]\end{array}$$
式中$I_m$为电流峰值，${\theta }^{\ast }$为电流的相位。
对于表贴式PMSM，采取$I_d=0$ 控制，所以应满足
$${\theta }^{\ast }=-{\theta }_e$$
式中，${\theta }_e$为$d$轴与$\alpha$轴的夹角。
故dq轴电流：
$$\begin{array}{rl}\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_d\\ I_q\end{array}\right]& =\left[\begin{array}{cc}cos{\theta }_e& sin{\theta }_e\\ -sin{\theta }_e& cos{\theta }_e\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{m}sin(-{\theta }_e)\\ I_{m}cos(-{\theta }_e)\end{array}\right]\\ & =\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ I_m\end{array}\right]\end{array}$$
此时满足正常的$I_d=0$控制。

三相全错

以VWU相序为例：
$$\begin{array}{rl}{I}_{{\alpha }_{\beta }}& =\frac{2}{3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& -0.5& -0.5\\ 0& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}& -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_v\\ I_w\\ I_u\end{array}\right]\\ & =\frac{2}{3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& -0.5& -0.5\\ 0& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}& -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{m}sin({\theta }^{\ast }+120^o)\\ I_{m}sin({\theta }^{\ast }-120^o)\\ I_{m}sin{\theta }^{\ast }\end{array}\right]\\ & =\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{m}cos({\theta }^{\ast }+30^o)\\ -I_{m}sin({\theta }^{\ast }+30^o)\end{array}\right]\end{array}$$
故：
$$\begin{array}{rl}\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_d\\ I_q\end{array}\right]& =\left[\begin{array}{cc}cos{\theta }_e& sin{\theta }_e\\ -sin{\theta }_e& cos{\theta }_e\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{m}cos(-{\theta }_e+30^o)\\ -I_{m}sin(-{\theta }_e+30^o)\end{array}\right]\\ & =I_m\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\\ -\frac{1}{2}\end{array}\right]\end{array}$$
可见，此时$d$轴电流具有增磁作用，但是$q$轴电流反向，导致电流环失控，电机飞车。

错其中两相

以UWV为例：
$$\begin{array}{rl}{I}_{{\alpha }_{\beta }}& =\frac{2}{3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& -0.5& -0.5\\ 0& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}& -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_u\\ I_w\\ I_v\end{array}\right]\\ & =\frac{2}{3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& -0.5& -0.5\\ 0& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}& -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{m}sin{\theta }^{\ast }\\ I_{m}sin({\theta }^{\ast }-120^o)\\ I_{m}sin({\theta }^{\ast }+120^o)\end{array}\right]\\ & =I_m\left[\begin{array}{c}sin{\theta }^{\ast }\\ -cos{\theta }^{\ast }\end{array}\right]\end{array}$$
此时$I_d$，$I_q$为:
$$\begin{array}{rl}\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_d\\ I_q\end{array}\right]& =\left[\begin{array}{cc}cos{\theta }_e& sin{\theta }_e\\ -sin{\theta }_e& cos{\theta }_e\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{m}sin(-{\theta }_e)\\ -I_{m}cos(-{\theta }_e)\end{array}\right]\\ & =I_m\left[\begin{array}{c}-sin(2{\theta }_e)\\ si{n}^2\theta -co{s}^2\theta \end{array}\right]\end{array}$$
当$\theta =\pm 45^o$时，$I_d$幅值达到最大，且$I_q=0$，因此电机最终会锁轴在$\pm 45^o$电角度。

总结

当电机相序三相全错时，电机会失控飞车。当接错其中两相时，电机会锁轴在特定的电角度。