关于使用SPI总线读取并转串（74HC165）发生数据移位的问题

 

背景：

使用STM32H743主控，通过SPI读取74HC165的数据，74HC165接了7个按键。

现象：

在所有按键都没按下的时候读取到的数据应该为0x00,按下某个按键对应的bit应该变成1。实际测试发现不按任何按键的时候数据是0x01，按第一个按键的时候读取到0x03，依次类推。按键对应的bit错了一位。

原因：

SPI的初始化代码如下：

void MX_SPI5_Init(void)
{

  hspi5.Instance = SPI5;
  hspi5.Init.Mode = SPI_MODE_MASTER;
  hspi5.Init.Direction = SPI_DIRECTION_2LINES_RXONLY;
  hspi5.Init.DataSize = SPI_DATASIZE_8BIT;
  hspi5.Init.CLKPolarity = SPI_POLARITY_HIGH;
  hspi5.Init.CLKPhase = SPI_PHASE_2EDGE;
  hspi5.Init.NSS = SPI_NSS_SOFT;
  hspi5.Init.BaudRatePrescaler = SPI_BAUDRATEPRESCALER_32;
  hspi5.Init.FirstBit = SPI_FIRSTBIT_MSB;
  hspi5.Init.TIMode = SPI_TIMODE_DISABLE;
  hspi5.Init.CRCCalculation = SPI_CRCCALCULATION_DISABLE;
  hspi5.Init.CRCPolynomial = 0x0;
  hspi5.Init.NSSPMode = SPI_NSS_PULSE_ENABLE;
  hspi5.Init.NSSPolarity = SPI_NSS_POLARITY_LOW;
  hspi5.Init.FifoThreshold = SPI_FIFO_THRESHOLD_01DATA;
  hspi5.Init.TxCRCInitializationPattern = SPI_CRC_INITIALIZATION_ALL_ZERO_PATTERN;
  hspi5.Init.RxCRCInitializationPattern = SPI_CRC_INITIALIZATION_ALL_ZERO_PATTERN;
  hspi5.Init.MasterSSIdleness = SPI_MASTER_SS_IDLENESS_00CYCLE;
  hspi5.Init.MasterInterDataIdleness = SPI_MASTER_INTERDATA_IDLENESS_00CYCLE;
  hspi5.Init.MasterReceiverAutoSusp = SPI_MASTER_RX_AUTOSUSP_DISABLE;
  hspi5.Init.MasterKeepIOState = SPI_MASTER_KEEP_IO_STATE_DISABLE;
  hspi5.Init.IOSwap = SPI_IO_SWAP_DISABLE;
  if (HAL_SPI_Init(&hspi5) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

}

void HAL_SPI_MspInit(SPI_HandleTypeDef* spiHandle)
{

  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};
  if(spiHandle->Instance==SPI2)
  {
  /* USER CODE BEGIN SPI2_MspInit 0 */

  /* USER CODE END SPI2_MspInit 0 */
    /* SPI2 clock enable */
    __HAL_RCC_SPI2_CLK_ENABLE();

    __HAL_RCC_GPIOB_CLK_ENABLE();
    /**SPI2 GPIO Configuration
    PB10     ------> SPI2_SCK
    PB15     ------> SPI2_MOSI
    */
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_10|GPIO_PIN_15;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_AF_PP;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_MEDIUM;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Alternate = GPIO_AF5_SPI2;
    HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SPI2_MspInit 1 */

  /* USER CODE END SPI2_MspInit 1 */
  }
  else if(spiHandle->Instance==SPI3)
  {
  /* USER CODE BEGIN SPI3_MspInit 0 */

  /* USER CODE END SPI3_MspInit 0 */
    /* SPI3 clock enable */
    __HAL_RCC_SPI3_CLK_ENABLE();

    __HAL_RCC_GPIOC_CLK_ENABLE();
    /**SPI3 GPIO Configuration
    PC10     ------> SPI3_SCK
    PC11     ------> SPI3_MISO
    PC12     ------> SPI3_MOSI
    */
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_10|GPIO_PIN_11|GPIO_PIN_12;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_AF_PP;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_MEDIUM;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Alternate = GPIO_AF6_SPI3;
    HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOC, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SPI3_MspInit 1 */

  /* USER CODE END SPI3_MspInit 1 */
  }
  else if(spiHandle->Instance==SPI5)
  {
  /* USER CODE BEGIN SPI5_MspInit 0 */

  /* USER CODE END SPI5_MspInit 0 */
    /* SPI5 clock enable */
    __HAL_RCC_SPI5_CLK_ENABLE();

    __HAL_RCC_GPIOF_CLK_ENABLE();
    /**SPI5 GPIO Configuration
    PF7     ------> SPI5_SCK
    PF8     ------> SPI5_MISO
    */
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_7|GPIO_PIN_8;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_AF_PP;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_PULLDOWN;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_MEDIUM;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Alternate = GPIO_AF5_SPI5;
    HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOF, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SPI5_MspInit 1 */
	  /*Configure GPIO pins : PCPin PCPin */
	GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = _165_PL_Pin;
	GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_PP;
	GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
	GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_LOW;
	HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOC, &GPIO_InitStruct);
  /* USER CODE END SPI5_MspInit 1 */
  }
}

由hspi5.Init.CLKPolarity = SPI_POLARITY_HIGH;可知总线时钟在空闲状态应该处于高电平的，但是在初始化时钟的GPIO的时候用的下拉，导致中线空闲的时候无法处于低电平。所以当SPI去读取数据的时候，时钟上多了一个上升沿，导致采集的第一个数据不对，并且数据都向后移了一位。

SPI配置的时候需要注意：GPIO可以不用上下拉的，如果要上下拉，也需要与CLKPolarity一致。