斯托克斯定理，de Rham上同调习题

(1) For an orientable manifold $M$ with boundary $\partial M$, show that:
$\bullet$ there is a non-vanishing outer normal vector field $N$ on $\partial M$;
$\bullet$ given an orientation n-form $\Omega \in {\Lambda }^n(M)$, the form:
$${\Omega }^{\prime }=({\iota }_N\Omega ){|}_{\partial M},$$
is a non-vanishing $(n-1)$ form on $\partial M$, which gives an induced orientation on $\partial M$.

Proof:
Firstly, we need to show a proposition:
For $S$ is an immersed hypersurface in $M$, and $N$ is a vector field along $S$ that is nowhere tangent to $S$. Then $S$ has a unique orientation. Also, if $\omega$ is an orientation form for $M$, then $({\iota }_N\omega ){|}_S$ is an orientation form for $S$.

proof:
Suppose $\omega$ is an orientation form for $M$, then $\sigma =({\iota }_N\omega ){|}_S$ is an $(n-1)$-form on $S$. It follows that it’s an orientation form for $S$ is we can show that it never vanishes. Given any basis $(E_1,\dots ,E_{n-1})$ for $T_{p}S$, since $N$ is nowhere tangent to $S$ implies that $(N_p,E_1,\dots ,E_{n-1})$ is a basis for $T_{p}M$. The fact that $\omega$ is nonvanishing implies that ${\sigma }_p(E_1,\dots ,E_{n-1})={\omega }_p(N_p,E_1,\dots ,E_{n-1})\ne 0.$
Thus the orientation determined by $\sigma$ is the one defined in the statement of the proposition.
Suppose $dim(M)=n$, and $\omega$ is an orientation form for $M$, let $N$ be a smooth outward-pointing vector field along $\partial M$. The $(n-1)$-form $({\iota }_N\omega ){|}_{\partial M}$ is an orientation form for $\partial M$, so $\partial M$ is orientable.

 
 

(2) Show that the Stokes’ theorem is a generalization of the classical Green formula, Gauss formula and Stokes formula in multi-variable calculus.

Proof:
Apply Stokes’ theorem to $1$-form $\omega =Pdx+Qdy$, suppose $D$ is a compact regular domain in ${\mathbb{R}}^2$, $P,Q$ are smooth real-valued functions on $D$, thus we have Green formula.

Similarly, apply it to $2$-form, $\omega =Pdy\wedge dz+Qdz\wedge dx+Rdx\wedge dy$, we have Gauss formula.

And apply it to $\omega =Pdx+Qdy+Rdz$, we have Stokes formula.

 
 

(3) Prove that the pull-back of a smooth map $F:M\to N$ defines a linear map:
$$F^{\ast }:H^p(N)\to H^p(M),$$
which commutes with the wedge product.

Proof:
We set
Z p ( M ) = K e r ( d : Ω p ( M ) → Ω p + 1 ( M ) ) ) = { closed p-forms on  M } , \mathcal{Z}^p(M)=Ker(d:\Omega^p(M)\rightarrow \Omega^{p+1}(M)))=\{\text{closed p-forms on }M\}, Zp(M)=Ker(d:Ωp(M)→Ωp+1(M)))={closed p-forms on M},
B p ( M ) = I m ( d : Ω p − 1 ( M ) → Ω p ( M ) ) ) = { exact p-forms on  M } . \mathcal{B}^p(M)=Im(d:\Omega^{p-1}(M)\rightarrow \Omega^{p}(M)))=\{\text{exact p-forms on }M\}. Bp(M)=Im(d:Ωp−1(M)→Ωp(M)))={exact p-forms on M}.

If $\omega$ is closed, then $d(F^{\ast }\omega )=F^{\ast }(d\omega )=0$, so $F^{\ast }\omega$ is also closed. If $\omega =d\eta$ is exact, then $F^{\ast }\omega =F^{\ast }(d\eta )=d(F^{\ast }\eta )$, which is also exact. Therefore, $F^{\ast }$ maps ${\mathcal{Z}}^p(N)$ into ${\mathcal{Z}}^p(M)$ and ${\mathcal{B}}^p(N)$ into ${\mathcal{B}}^p(M)$. The induced cohomology map $F^{\ast }:H^p(N)\to H^p(M)$ is defines as follow:
$$F^{\ast }[\omega ]=[F^{\ast }\omega ].$$
If ${\omega }^{\prime }=\omega +d\eta$, then $[F^{\ast }{\omega }^{\prime }]=[F^{\ast }\omega +d(F^{\ast }\eta )]=[F^{\ast }\omega ]$, so this map is well defined.

 
 

(4) Show that the $1$-st de Rham cohomology group of $S^1$ is $H^1(S^1)=\mathbb{R}$.

Proof:

For any orientation form on $S^1$ has nonzero integral, thus $dim{H}^1(S^1)\ge 1$. On the other hand, there is an injective linear map from $H^1(S^1)$ into $Hom({\pi }_1(S^1,1),\mathbb{R})$, which is $1$-dimensional, thus $H^1(S^1)$ is dimension $1$, and is spanned by the cohomology class of any orientation form, thus $H^1(S^1)=\mathbb{R}$.