【GAMES 101】Rasterization & Antialiasing

Lecture 05

Screen Space

(0,0) at left bottom

Pixel (x, y) is centered at (x+0.5, y+0.5)

Viewport Transform

视口变换：$[-1,1{]}^2\to [0,width]\times [0,height]$

$$M_{viewport}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\frac{width}{2}& 0& 0& \frac{width}{2}\\ 0& \frac{height}{2}& 0& \frac{height}{2}\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$$

Raster Displays

LCD(Liquid Crystal Display): block or transmit light by twisting polarization

LED(light emitting diode) 发光二极管

Rasterization

光栅化的关键：判断像素中心点与三角形的位置关系

判断方法：叉积，若三个叉积同号，则点在三角形内

Sampling: discretize a function 函数离散化

Rasterization = Sampling A 2D Indicator Function

光栅化就是在每个像素中心点处对2D函数inside进行采样

for (int x = 0; x < xmax; ++x)
    for (int y = 0; y < ymax; ++y)
        image[x][y] = inside(tri, x + 0.5, y + 0.5); 

Acceleration

When finding all the pixels covered by a triangle, we don’t need to check all pixels on the screen, using a bounding box（包围盒） to accelerate the caculation.

当三角形是细长的、斜着的时候，虽然覆盖的点很少，但包围盒很大，尽量避免在建模时构造这样的三角形

Lecture 06

Why jaggies appear

锯齿产生的原因：signals are changing too fast, but sampled too slowly，采样的频率跟不上信号变化的频率，导致高频信息丢失

抗锯齿的方法：
（1）Bluring before sampling，在采样前先模糊，让高频变成低频
（2）Use higher resolution when sampling，提高采样的分辨率

Fourier Transform

Any function can be represented as a weighted sum of sines and cosines

Filtering

Filtering = Get rid of certain frequency contents

High pass filter：高通滤波，留下图像的边界

Low pass filter: 低通滤波，图像变得模糊

时域上的卷积=频域上的乘积