skimage.feature函数使用说明

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最新推荐文章于 2024-01-29 11:39:55 发布

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分类专栏： python 文章标签：计算机视觉深度学习机器学习 python skimage

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feature

only select one feature over two

项目	Value
skimage.feature.blob_dog(image[, min_sigma, …])	Finds blobs in the given grayscale image.在给定的灰度图像中查找斑点。
skimage.feature.blob_doh(image[, min_sigma, …])	Finds blobs in the given grayscale image.在给定的灰度图像中查找斑点。
skimage.feature.blob_log(image[, min_sigma, …])	Finds blobs in the given grayscale image.在给定的灰度图像中查找斑点。
skimage.feature.canny(image[, sigma, …])	Edge filter an image using the Canny algorithm.使用 Canny 算法对图像进行边缘过滤。
skimage.feature.corner_fast(image[, n, …])	Extract FAST corners for a given image.提取给定图像的 FAST 角。
skimage.feature.corner_foerstner(image[, sigma])	Compute Foerstner corner measure response image.计算 Foerstner 角测量响应图像。
skimage.feature.corner_harris(image[, …])	Compute Harris corner measure response image.计算 Harris 角测量响应图像。
skimage.feature.corner_kitchen_rosenfeld(image)	Compute Kitchen and Rosenfeld corner measure response image.计算 Kitchen 和 Rosenfeld 角测量响应图像。
skimage.feature.corner_moravec(image[, …])	Compute Moravec corner measure response image.计算 Moravec 角测量响应图像。
skimage.feature.corner_orientations(image, …)	Compute the orientation of corners.计算角的方向。
skimage.feature.corner_peaks(image[, …])	Find peaks in corner measure response image.在角测量响应图像中查找峰值。
skimage.feature.corner_shi_tomasi(image[, sigma])	Compute Shi-Tomasi (Kanade-Tomasi) corner measure response image.计算 Shi-Tomasi (Kanade-Tomasi) 角测量响应图像。
skimage.feature.corner_subpix(image, corners)	Determine subpixel position of corners.确定角的亚像素位置。
skimage.feature.daisy(image[, step, radius, …])	Extract DAISY feature descriptors densely for the given image.为给定图像密集提取 DAISY 特征描述符。
skimage.feature.draw_haar_like_feature(…)	Visualization of Haar-like features.类 Haar 特征的可视化。
skimage.feature.draw_multiblock_lbp(image, …)	Multi-block local binary pattern visualization.多块本地二进制模式可视化。
skimage.feature.graycomatrix(image, …[, …])	Calculate the gray-level co-occurrence matrix.计算灰度共生矩阵。
skimage.feature.graycoprops(P[, prop])	Calculate texture properties of a GLCM.计算 GLCM 的纹理属性。
skimage.feature.greycomatrix(image, …[, …])	Deprecated function.弃用的功能。
skimage.feature.greycoprops(P[, prop])	Deprecated function.弃用的功能。
skimage.feature.haar_like_feature(int_image, …)	Compute the Haar-like features for a region of interest (ROI) of an integral image.计算积分图像的感兴趣区域 (ROI) 的类 Haar 特征。
skimage.feature.haar_like_feature_coord(…)	Compute the coordinates of Haar-like features.计算类 Haar 特征的坐标。
skimage.feature.hessian_matrix(image[, …])	Compute the Hessian matrix.计算 Hessian 矩阵。
skimage.feature.hessian_matrix_det(image[, …])	Compute the approximate Hessian Determinant over an image.计算图像上的近似 Hessian 行列式。
skimage.feature.hessian_matrix_eigvals(H_elems)	Compute eigenvalues of Hessian matrix.计算 Hessian 矩阵的特征值。
skimage.feature.hog(image[, orientations, …])	Extract Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) for a given image.提取给定图像的定向梯度直方图 (HOG)。
skimage.feature.local_binary_pattern(image, P, R)	Gray scale and rotation invariant LBP (Local Binary Patterns).灰度和旋转不变 LBP（局部二进制模式）。
skimage.feature.match_descriptors(…[, …])	Brute-force matching of descriptors.描述符的蛮力匹配。
skimage.feature.match_template(image, template)	Match a template to a 2-D or 3-D image using normalized correlation.使用归一化相关将模板与 2-D 或 3-D 图像匹配。
skimage.feature.multiblock_lbp(int_image, r, …)	Multi-block local binary pattern (MB-LBP).多块本地二进制模式 (MB-LBP)。
skimage.feature.multiscale_basic_features(image)	Local features for a single- or multi-channel nd image.单通道或多通道 nd 图像的局部特征。
skimage.feature.peak_local_max(image[, …])	Find peaks in an image as coordinate list or boolean mask.以坐标列表或布尔掩码的形式查找图像中的峰值。
skimage.feature.plot_matches(ax, image1, …)	Plot matched features.绘制匹配的特征。
skimage.feature.shape_index(image[, sigma, …])	Compute the shape index.计算形状指数。
skimage.feature.structure_tensor(image[, …])	Compute structure tensor using sum of squared differences.使用平方差和计算结构张量。
skimage.feature.structure_tensor_eigenvalues(A_elems)	Compute eigenvalues of structure tensor.计算结构张量的特征值。
skimage.feature.structure_tensor_eigvals(…)	Compute eigenvalues of structure tensor.计算结构张量的特征值。
skimage.feature.BRIEF([descriptor_size, …])	BRIEF binary descriptor extractor.简要的二进制描述符提取器。
skimage.feature.CENSURE([min_scale, …])	CENSURE keypoint detector. CENSURE 关键点检测器。
skimage.feature.Cascade	Class for cascade of classifiers that is used for object detection.用于对象检测的级联分类器的类。
skimage.feature.ORB([downscale, n_scales, …])	Oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF feature detector and binary descriptor extractor.面向 FAST 和旋转的 BRIEF 特征检测器和二进制描述符提取器。
skimage.feature.SIFT([upsampling, …])	SIFT feature detection and descriptor extraction.SIFT 特征检测和描述符提取。

blob_dog

skimage.feature.blob_dog(image, min_sigma=1, max_sigma=50, sigma_ratio=1.6, threshold=0.5, overlap=0.5, *, threshold_rel=None, exclude_border=False)[source]

在给定的灰度图像中查找斑点。

使用高斯差分 (DoG) 方法[1]、[2]找到斑点。对于找到的每个 blob，该方法返回其坐标和检测到 blob 的高斯核的标准偏差。

参数

图像数组
输入灰度图像，假设斑点在深色背景上是浅色的（黑底白字）。
min_sigma标量或标量序列，可选
高斯核的最小标准偏差。保持这个低以检测较小的斑点。每个轴的高斯滤波器的标准偏差作为序列或单个数字给出，在这种情况下，它对所有轴都相等。
max_sigma标量或标量序列，可选
高斯核的最大标准偏差。保持这个高以检测更大的斑点。每个轴的高斯滤波器的标准偏差作为序列或单个数字给出，在这种情况下，它对所有轴都相等。
sigma_ratio浮点数，可选
用于计算高斯差分的高斯核的标准偏差之间的比率
阈值浮动或无，可选
尺度空间最大值的绝对下限。小于阈值的局部最大值被忽略。减少它以检测强度较低的斑点。如果threshold_rel还指定，取阈值较大将被使用。如果没有，则使用threshold_rel代替。
重叠浮动，可选
一个介于 0 和 1 之间的值。如果两个 blob 的区域重叠的分数大于threshold，则消除较小的 blob。
threshold_rel浮点数或无，可选
峰值的最小强度，计算为，其中指的是内部计算的高斯差分 (DoG) 图像堆栈。这应该有一个介于 0 和 1 之间的值。如果没有，则使用阈值。max(dog_space) * threshold_reldog_space
exclude_border整数、整数或 False 的元组，可选
如果是整数元组，则元组的长度必须与输入数组的维度匹配。元组的每个元素都将沿该维度排除图像边界的exclude_border -pixels内的峰值。如果非零整数，exclude_border从图像边界的exclude_border -pixels内排除峰值。如果为零或假，则无论峰距边界的距离如何，都会识别峰。

Returns
A (n, image.ndim + sigma) ndarray
一个 2d 数组，每行代表 2D 图像的 2 个坐标值，或 3D 图像的 3 个坐标值，加上使用的 sigma。当传递单个 sigma 时，输出为：或其中或是 blob 的坐标，是检测 blob 的高斯核的标准偏差。当使用各向异性高斯（每个维度的 sigma）时，会返回每个维度的检测到的 sigma。(r, c, sigma)(p, r, c, sigma)(r, c)(p, r, c)sigma
See also
skimage.filters.difference_of_gaussians
Notes
The radius of each blob is approximately 2–√σ for a 2-D image and 3–√σ for a 3-D image.
References
1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blob_detection#The_difference_of_Gaussians_approach

Lowe, D. G. “Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints.” International Journal of Computer Vision 60, 91–110 (2004). https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~lowe/papers/ijcv04.pdf DOI:10.1023/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94

Examples

from skimage import data, feature
coins = data.coins()
feature.blob_dog(coins, threshold=.05, min_sigma=10, max_sigma=40)
array([[128., 155.,  10.],
       [198., 155.,  10.],
       [124., 338.,  10.],
       [127., 102.,  10.],
       [193., 281.,  10.],
       [126., 208.,  10.],
       [267., 115.,  10.],
       [197., 102.,  10.],
       [198., 215.,  10.],
       [123., 279.,  10.],
       [126.,  46.,  10.],
       [259., 247.,  10.],
       [196.,  43.,  10.],
       [ 54., 276.,  10.],
       [267., 358.,  10.],
       [ 58., 100.,  10.],
       [259., 305.,  10.],
       [185., 347.,  16.],
       [261., 174.,  16.],
       [ 46., 336.,  16.],
       [ 54., 217.,  10.],
       [ 55., 157.,  10.],
       [ 57.,  41.,  10.],
       [260.,  47.,  16.]])

在这里插入图片描述

blob_doh

skimage.feature.blob_doh(image, min_sigma=1, max_sigma=30, num_sigma=10, threshold=0.01, overlap=0.5, log_scale=False, *, threshold_rel=None)[source]

在给定的灰度图像中查找斑点。

使用 Hessian 行列式方法[1]找到斑点。对于找到的每个 blob，该方法返回其坐标和用于 Hessian 矩阵的 Gaussian Kernel 的标准偏差，其行列式检测到 blob。Hessians 的行列式近似使用[2]。

参数

图像二维数组
输入灰度图像。斑点可以是亮暗暗，反之亦然。
min_sigma浮点数，可选
用于计算 Hessian 矩阵的高斯核的最小标准偏差。保持这个低以检测较小的斑点。
max_sigma浮点数，可选
用于计算 Hessian 矩阵的高斯核的最大标准偏差。保持这个高以检测更大的斑点。
num_sigma int，可选
min_sigma和max_sigma之间要考虑的标准偏差中间值的数量。
阈值浮动或无，可选
尺度空间最大值的绝对下限。小于阈值的局部最大值被忽略。减少它以检测强度较低的斑点。如果threshold_rel还指定，取阈值较大将被使用。如果没有，则使用threshold_rel代替。
重叠浮动，可选
一个介于 0 和 1 之间的值。如果两个 blob 的区域重叠的分数大于threshold，则消除较小的 blob。
log_scale布尔值，可选
如果设置的标准偏差中间值使用对数刻度内插到基数10。如果不是，则使用线性插值。
threshold_rel浮点数或无，可选
峰值的最小强度，计算为，其中指的是内部计算的 Hessian 行列式 (DoH) 图像堆栈。这应该有一个介于 0 和 1 之间的值。如果没有，则使用阈值。max(doh_space) * threshold_reldoh_space

Returns
A (n, 3) ndarray
一个二维数组，每行代表 3 个值，(y,x,sigma) 其中(y,x)是 blob 的坐标，sigma是 Hessian 矩阵的高斯核的标准偏差，其行列式检测到 blob。
Notes
每个 blob 的半径约为sigma。Hessians 行列式的计算与标准偏差无关。因此检测更大的斑点不会花费更多时间。在方法线blob_dog()和blob_log()高斯计算更大的西格玛需要更多的时间。缺点是该方法不能用于检测半径小于3px 的斑点，因为在 Hessian 行列式的近似中使用了盒式过滤器。
References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blob_detection#The_determinant_of_the_Hessian
Herbert Bay、Andreas Ess、Tinne Tuytelaars、Luc Van Gool，“冲浪：加速强大的功能” ftp://ftp.vision.ee.ethz.ch/publications/articles/eth_biwi_00517.pdf

from skimage import data, feature
img = data.coins()
feature.blob_doh(img)
array([[197.        , 153.        ,  20.33333333],
       [124.        , 336.        ,  20.33333333],
       [126.        , 153.        ,  20.33333333],
       [195.        , 100.        ,  23.55555556],
       [192.        , 212.        ,  23.55555556],
       [121.        , 271.        ,  30.        ],
       [126.        , 101.        ,  20.33333333],
       [193.        , 275.        ,  23.55555556],
       [123.        , 205.        ,  20.33333333],
       [270.        , 363.        ,  30.        ],
       [265.        , 113.        ,  23.55555556],
       [262.        , 243.        ,  23.55555556],
       [185.        , 348.        ,  30.        ],
       [156.        , 302.        ,  30.        ],
       [123.        ,  44.        ,  23.55555556],
       [260.        , 173.        ,  30.        ],
       [197.        ,  44.        ,  20.33333333]])

blob_log

skimage.feature.blob_log(image, min_sigma=1, max_sigma=50, num_sigma=10, threshold=0.2, overlap=0.5, log_scale=False, *, threshold_rel=None, exclude_border=False)[source]

参数

图像数组
输入灰度图像，假设斑点在深色背景上是浅色的（黑底白字）。
min_sigma标量或标量序列，可选
高斯核的最小标准偏差。保持这个低以检测较小的斑点。每个轴的高斯滤波器的标准偏差作为序列或单个数字给出，在这种情况下，它对所有轴都相等。
max_sigma标量或标量序列，可选
高斯核的最大标准偏差。保持这个高以检测更大的斑点。每个轴的高斯滤波器的标准偏差作为序列或单个数字给出，在这种情况下，它对所有轴都相等。
num_sigma int，可选
min_sigma和max_sigma之间要考虑的标准偏差中间值的数量。
阈值浮动或无，可选
尺度空间最大值的绝对下限。小于阈值的局部最大值被忽略。减少它以检测强度较低的斑点。如果threshold_rel还指定，取阈值较大将被使用。如果没有，则使用threshold_rel代替。
重叠浮动，可选
一个介于 0 和 1 之间的值。如果两个 blob 的区域重叠的分数大于threshold，则消除较小的 blob。
log_scale布尔值，可选
如果设置的标准偏差中间值使用对数刻度内插到基数10。如果不是，则使用线性插值。
threshold_rel浮点数或无，可选
峰值的最小强度，计算为，其中指的是内部计算的拉普拉斯高斯 (LoG) 图像堆栈。这应该有一个介于 0 和 1 之间的值。如果没有，则使用阈值。max(log_space) * threshold_rellog_space
exclude_border整数、整数或 False 的元组，可选
如果是整数元组，则元组的长度必须与输入数组的维度匹配。元组的每个元素都将沿该维度排除图像边界的exclude_border -pixels内的峰值。如果非零整数，exclude_border从图像边界的exclude_border -pixels内排除峰值。如果为零或假，则无论峰距边界的距离如何，都会识别峰。

退货
A (n, image.ndim + sigma) ndarray
一个 2d 数组，每行代表 2D 图像的 2 个坐标值，或 3D 图像的 3 个坐标值，加上使用的 sigma。当传递单个 sigma 时，输出为：或其中或是 blob 的坐标，是检测 blob 的高斯核的标准偏差。当使用各向异性高斯（每个维度的 sigma）时，会返回每个维度的检测到的 sigma。(r, c, sigma)(p, r, c, sigma)(r, c)(p, r, c)sigma
笔记
每个 blob 的半径约为 2–√σ 对于二维图像和 3–√σ 对于 3D 图像。
参考

1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blob_detection#The_Laplacian_of_Gaussian

from skimage import data, feature, exposure
img = data.coins()
img = exposure.equalize_hist(img)  # improves detection
feature.blob_log(img, threshold = .3)
array([[124.        , 336.        ,  11.88888889],
       [198.        , 155.        ,  11.88888889],
       [194.        , 213.        ,  17.33333333],
       [121.        , 272.        ,  17.33333333],
       [263.        , 244.        ,  17.33333333],
       [194.        , 276.        ,  17.33333333],
       [266.        , 115.        ,  11.88888889],
       [128.        , 154.        ,  11.88888889],
       [260.        , 174.        ,  17.33333333],
       [198.        , 103.        ,  11.88888889],
       [126.        , 208.        ,  11.88888889],
       [127.        , 102.        ,  11.88888889],
       [263.        , 302.        ,  17.33333333],
       [197.        ,  44.        ,  11.88888889],
       [185.        , 344.        ,  17.33333333],
       [126.        ,  46.        ,  11.88888889],
       [113.        , 323.        ,   1.        ]])

canny

skimage.feature.canny(image, sigma=1.0, low_threshold=None, high_threshold=None, mask=None, use_quantiles=False, *, mode='constant', cval=0.0)[source]

使用 Canny 算法对图像进行边缘过滤。

参数

图像二维数组
灰度输入图像以检测边缘；可以是任何数据类型。
西格玛浮点数，可选
高斯滤波器的标准偏差。
low_threshold浮点数，可选
滞后阈值的下限（链接边缘）。如果没有，low_threshold 设置为 dtype 最大值的 10%。
高阈值浮动，可选
滞后阈值的上限（链接边缘）。如果没有，high_threshold 设置为 dtype 最大值的 20%。
掩码数组，dtype=bool，可选
将 Canny 的应用限制在某个区域的掩码。
use_quantiles bool，可选
如果True然后将 low_threshold 和 high_threshold 视为边缘幅度图像的分位数，而不是绝对边缘幅度值。如果True那么阈值必须在 [0, 1] 范围内。
模式str, {‘reflect’, ‘constant’, ‘nearest’, ‘mirror’, ‘wrap’}
该mode参数决定了在高斯滤波期间如何处理数组边界，其中cvalmode 等于 ‘constant’ 时的值。
cval浮点数，可选
如果模式为“常量” ，则填充过去输入边缘的值。

returns
输出二维数组（图像）
二进制边缘图。

也可以看看

skimage.sobel

笔记

该算法的步骤如下：
使用具有sigma宽度的高斯平滑图像。
应用水平和垂直 Sobel 算子来获得图像内的梯度。边缘强度是梯度的范数。
将潜在边缘细化为 1 像素宽的曲线。首先，找到每个点边缘的法线。这是通过查看 X-Sobel 和 Y-Sobel 的符号和相对大小将点分为 4 类来完成的：水平、垂直、对角线和对角线。然后查看正方向和反方向，看看这两个方向中的任何一个方向的值是否大于所讨论的点。使用插值来获得点的混合，而不是选择最接近法线的点。
执行滞后阈值处理：首先将高于高阈值的所有点标记为边缘。然后递归地将任何高于低阈值的点标记为 8 连接到标记点作为边缘。

参考
1 Canny, J.，边缘检测的计算方法，IEEE Trans。模式分析和机器智能，8:679-714，1986 DOI:10.1109/TPAMI.1986.47678512 William Green 的 Canny 教程 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canny_edge_detector
例子

from skimage import feature
rng = np.random.default_rng()
# Generate noisy image of a square
im = np.zeros((256, 256))
im[64:-64, 64:-64] = 1
im += 0.2 * rng.random(im.shape)
# First trial with the Canny filter, with the default smoothing
edges1 = feature.canny(im)
# Increase the smoothing for better results
edges2 = feature.canny(im, sigma=3)

corner_fast

skimage.feature.corner_fast(image, n=12, threshold=0.15)[source]

提取给定图像的 FAST 角。

Parameters

图像(M, N) ndarray
输入图像。
n int，可选
圆圈上 16 个像素中的最小连续像素数，这些像素都应该比测试像素更亮或更暗。如果Ic < Ip-阈值，则圆上的点 c 比测试像素 p 更暗，如果Ic > Ip + 阈值，则更亮。也代表FAST-n角点检测器中的 n。
阈值浮动，可选
用于决定圆圈上的像素是否比测试像素更亮、更暗或相似的阈值。当需要更多拐角时降低阈值，反之亦然。

Returns
响应数组
快速角响应图像。
References

Rosten, E., & Drummond, T. (2006, May). Machine learning for high-speed corner detection. In European conference on computer vision (pp. 430-443). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. DOI:10.1007/11744023_34 http://www.edwardrosten.com/work/rosten_2006_machine.pdf
Wikipedia, “Features from accelerated segment test”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_from_accelerated_segment_test
Examples

>>> from skimage.feature import corner_fast, corner_peaks
>>> square = np.zeros((12, 12))
>>> square[3:9, 3:9] = 1
>>> square.astype(int)
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
>>> corner_peaks(corner_fast(square, 9), min_distance=1)
array([[3, 3],
       [3, 8],
       [8, 3],
       [8, 8]])

corner_foerstner

skimage.feature.corner_foerstner(image, sigma=1)[source]

计算 Foerstner 角测量响应图像。

该角点检测器使用来自自相关矩阵 A 的信息：

A = [(imx**2)   (imx*imy)] = [Axx Axy]
    [(imx*imy)   (imy**2)]   [Axy Ayy]

其中 imx 和 imy 是一阶导数，用高斯滤波器平均。角测量然后定义为：

w = det(A) / trace(A)           (size of error ellipse)
q = 4 * det(A) / trace(A)**2    (roundness of error ellipse)

参数

图像(M, N) ndarray
输入图像。
西格玛浮点数，可选
用于高斯核的标准偏差，用作自相关矩阵的加权函数。

Returns

w ^ ndarray
误差椭圆尺寸。
q ndarray
误差椭圆的圆度。

References

Förstner, W., & Gülch, E. (1987, June). A fast operator for detection and precise location of distinct points, corners and centres of circular features. In Proc. ISPRS intercommission conference on fast processing of photogrammetric data (pp. 281-305). https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp02/cse252/foerstner/foerstner.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_detection
Examples

>>> from skimage.feature import corner_foerstner, corner_peaks
>>> square = np.zeros([10, 10])
>>> square[2:8, 2:8] = 1
>>> square.astype(int)
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
>>> w, q = corner_foerstner(square)
>>> accuracy_thresh = 0.5
>>> roundness_thresh = 0.3
>>> foerstner = (q > roundness_thresh) * (w > accuracy_thresh) * w
>>> corner_peaks(foerstner, min_distance=1)
array([[2, 2],
       [2, 7],
       [7, 2],
       [7, 7]])

corner_harris

`skimage.feature.corner_harris(image, method='k', k=0.05, eps=1e-06, sigma=1)

计算 Harris 角测量响应图像。

该角点检测器使用来自自相关矩阵 A 的信息：

A = [(imx**2)   (imx*imy)] = [Axx Axy]
    [(imx*imy)   (imy**2)]   [Axy Ayy]

其中 imx 和 imy 是一阶导数，用高斯滤波器平均。角测量然后定义为：

det(A) - k * trace(A)**2

或者：

2 * det(A) / (trace(A) + eps)

参数

图像(M, N) ndarray
输入图像。
方法{‘k’, ‘eps’}，可选
从自相关矩阵计算响应图像的方法。
k浮点数，可选
将角与边缘分开的敏感系数，通常在[0, 0.2]范围内。较小的 k 值会导致检测到尖角。
eps浮动，可选
归一化因子（Noble 角测量）。
西格玛浮点数，可选
用于高斯核的标准偏差，用作自相关矩阵的加权函数。

Returns
响应数组
哈里斯响应图像。
References

1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_detection

Examples

>>> from skimage.feature import corner_harris, corner_peaks
>>> square = np.zeros([10, 10])
>>> square[2:8, 2:8] = 1
>>> square.astype(int)
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
>>> corner_peaks(corner_harris(square), min_distance=1)
array([[2, 2],
       [2, 7],
       [7, 2],
       [7, 7]])

corner_kitchen_rosenfeld

skimage.feature.corner_kitchen_rosenfeld(image, mode='constant', cval=0)[source]

Compute Kitchen and Rosenfeld corner measure response image.

The corner measure is calculated as follows:

(imxx * imy2 + imyy * imx2 - 2 * imxy * imx * imy)
/ (imx2 + imy2)
Where imx and imy are the first and imxx, imxy, imyy the second derivatives.

Parameters
image(M, N) ndarray
Input image.

mode{‘constant’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’, ‘nearest’, ‘mirror’}, optional
How to handle values outside the image borders.

cvalfloat, optional
Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

Returns
responsendarray
Kitchen and Rosenfeld response image.

References

1 Kitchen, L., & Rosenfeld, A. (1982). Gray-level corner detection. Pattern recognition letters, 1(2), 95-102. DOI:10.1016/0167-8655(82)90020-4
corner_moravec
skimage.feature.corner_moravec(image, window_size=1)[source]
Compute Moravec corner measure response image.

This is one of the simplest corner detectors and is comparatively fast but has several limitations (e.g. not rotation invariant).

Parameters
image(M, N) ndarray
Input image.

window_sizeint, optional
Window size.

Returns
responsendarray
Moravec response image.

References

1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_detection
Examples

from skimage.feature import corner_moravec
square = np.zeros([7, 7])
square[3, 3] = 1
square.astype(int)
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])

corner_moravec(square).astype(int)
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
corner_orientations
skimage.feature.corner_orientations(image, corners, mask)[source]
Compute the orientation of corners.

The orientation of corners is computed using the first order central moment i.e. the center of mass approach. The corner orientation is the angle of the vector from the corner coordinate to the intensity centroid in the local neighborhood around the corner calculated using first order central moment.

Parameters
image(M, N) array
Input grayscale image.

corners(K, 2) array
Corner coordinates as (row, col).

mask2D array
Mask defining the local neighborhood of the corner used for the calculation of the central moment.

Returns
orientations(K, 1) array
Orientations of corners in the range [-pi, pi].

References

1 Ethan Rublee, Vincent Rabaud, Kurt Konolige and Gary Bradski “ORB : An efficient alternative to SIFT and SURF” http://www.vision.cs.chubu.ac.jp/CV-R/pdf/Rublee_iccv2011.pdf2 Paul L. Rosin, “Measuring Corner Properties” http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/Paul.Rosin/corner2.pdf
Examples

from skimage.morphology import octagon
from skimage.feature import (corner_fast, corner_peaks,
… corner_orientations)

square = np.zeros((12, 12))
square[3:9, 3:9] = 1
square.astype(int)
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])

corners = corner_peaks(corner_fast(square, 9), min_distance=1)
corners
array([[3, 3],
[3, 8],
[8, 3],
[8, 8]])

orientations = corner_orientations(square, corners, octagon(3, 2))
np.rad2deg(orientations)
array([ 45., 135., -45., -135.])
corner_peaks
skimage.feature.corner_peaks(image, min_distance=1, threshold_abs=None, threshold_rel=None, exclude_border=True, indices=True, num_peaks=inf, footprint=None, labels=None, *, num_peaks_per_label=inf, p_norm=inf)[source]
Find peaks in corner measure response image.

This differs from skimage.feature.peak_local_max in that it suppresses multiple connected peaks with the same accumulator value.

Parameters
image(M, N) ndarray
Input image.

min_distanceint, optional
The minimal allowed distance separating peaks.

**
See skimage.feature.peak_local_max().

p_normfloat
Which Minkowski p-norm to use. Should be in the range [1, inf]. A finite large p may cause a ValueError if overflow can occur. inf corresponds to the Chebyshev distance and 2 to the Euclidean distance.

Returns
outputndarray or ndarray of bools
If indices = True : (row, column, …) coordinates of peaks.

If indices = False : Boolean array shaped like image, with peaks represented by True values.

See also

skimage.feature.peak_local_max
Notes

Changed in version 0.18: The default value of threshold_rel has changed to None, which corresponds to letting skimage.feature.peak_local_max decide on the default. This is equivalent to threshold_rel=0.

The num_peaks limit is applied before suppression of connected peaks. To limit the number of peaks after suppression, set num_peaks=np.inf and post-process the output of this function.

Examples

from skimage.feature import peak_local_max
response = np.zeros((5, 5))
response[2:4, 2:4] = 1
response
array([[0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 1., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 1., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]])

peak_local_max(response)
array([[2, 2],
[2, 3],
[3, 2],
[3, 3]])

corner_peaks(response)
array([[2, 2]])
Examples using skimage.feature.corner_peaksRobust matching using RANSAC
Robust matching using RANSACAssemble images with simple image stitching
Assemble images with simple image stitchingCorner detection
Corner detectionBRIEF binary descriptor
BRIEF binary descriptor
corner_shi_tomasi
skimage.feature.corner_shi_tomasi(image, sigma=1)[source]
Compute Shi-Tomasi (Kanade-Tomasi) corner measure response image.

This corner detector uses information from the auto-correlation matrix A:

A = [(imx2) (imximy)] = [Axx Axy]
[(imximy) (imy2)] [Axy Ayy]
Where imx and imy are first derivatives, averaged with a gaussian filter. The corner measure is then defined as the smaller eigenvalue of A:

((Axx + Ayy) - sqrt((Axx - Ayy)2 + 4 * Axy2)) / 2
Parameters
image(M, N) ndarray
Input image.

sigmafloat, optional
Standard deviation used for the Gaussian kernel, which is used as weighting function for the auto-correlation matrix.

Returns
responsendarray
Shi-Tomasi response image.

References

1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_detection
Examples

from skimage.feature import corner_shi_tomasi, corner_peaks
square = np.zeros([10, 10])
square[2:8, 2:8] = 1
square.astype(int)
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])

corner_peaks(corner_shi_tomasi(square), min_distance=1)
array([[2, 2],
[2, 7],
[7, 2],
[7, 7]])
corner_subpix
skimage.feature.corner_subpix(image, corners, window_size=11, alpha=0.99)[source]
Determine subpixel position of corners.

A statistical test decides whether the corner is defined as the intersection of two edges or a single peak. Depending on the classification result, the subpixel corner location is determined based on the local covariance of the grey-values. If the significance level for either statistical test is not sufficient, the corner cannot be classified, and the output subpixel position is set to NaN.

Parameters
image(M, N) ndarray
Input image.

corners(K, 2) ndarray
Corner coordinates (row, col).

window_sizeint, optional
Search window size for subpixel estimation.

alphafloat, optional
Significance level for corner classification.

Returns
positions(K, 2) ndarray
Subpixel corner positions. NaN for “not classified” corners.

References

1 Förstner, W., & Gülch, E. (1987, June). A fast operator for detection and precise location of distinct points, corners and centres of circular features. In Proc. ISPRS intercommission conference on fast processing of photogrammetric data (pp. 281-305). https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp02/cse252/foerstner/foerstner.pdf2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_detection
Examples

from skimage.feature import corner_harris, corner_peaks, corner_subpix
img = np.zeros((10, 10))
img[:5, :5] = 1
img[5:, 5:] = 1
img.astype(int)
array([[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]])

coords = corner_peaks(corner_harris(img), min_distance=2)
coords_subpix = corner_subpix(img, coords, window_size=7)
coords_subpix
array([[4.5, 4.5]])
Examples using skimage.feature.corner_subpixRobust matching using RANSAC
Robust matching using RANSACCorner detection
Corner detection
daisy
skimage.feature.daisy(image, step=4, radius=15, rings=3, histograms=8, orientations=8, normalization=‘l1’, sigmas=None, ring_radii=None, visualize=False)[source]
Extract DAISY feature descriptors densely for the given image.

DAISY is a feature descriptor similar to SIFT formulated in a way that allows for fast dense extraction. Typically, this is practical for bag-of-features image representations.

The implementation follows Tola et al. [1] but deviate on the following points:

Histogram bin contribution are smoothed with a circular Gaussian window over the tonal range (the angular range).

The sigma values of the spatial Gaussian smoothing in this code do not match the sigma values in the original code by Tola et al. [2]. In their code, spatial smoothing is applied to both the input image and the center histogram. However, this smoothing is not documented in [1] and, therefore, it is omitted.

Parameters
image(M, N) array
Input image (grayscale).

stepint, optional
Distance between descriptor sampling points.

radiusint, optional
Radius (in pixels) of the outermost ring.

ringsint, optional
Number of rings.

histogramsint, optional
Number of histograms sampled per ring.

orientationsint, optional
Number of orientations (bins) per histogram.

normalization[ ‘l1’ | ‘l2’ | ‘daisy’ | ‘off’ ], optional
How to normalize the descriptors

‘l1’: L1-normalization of each descriptor.

‘l2’: L2-normalization of each descriptor.

‘daisy’: L2-normalization of individual histograms.

‘off’: Disable normalization.

sigmas1D array of float, optional
Standard deviation of spatial Gaussian smoothing for the center histogram and for each ring of histograms. The array of sigmas should be sorted from the center and out. I.e. the first sigma value defines the spatial smoothing of the center histogram and the last sigma value defines the spatial smoothing of the outermost ring. Specifying sigmas overrides the following parameter.

rings = len(sigmas) - 1

ring_radii1D array of int, optional
Radius (in pixels) for each ring. Specifying ring_radii overrides the following two parameters.

rings = len(ring_radii) radius = ring_radii[-1]

If both sigmas and ring_radii are given, they must satisfy the following predicate since no radius is needed for the center histogram.

len(ring_radii) == len(sigmas) + 1

visualizebool, optional
Generate a visualization of the DAISY descriptors

Returns
descsarray
Grid of DAISY descriptors for the given image as an array dimensionality (P, Q, R) where

P = ceil((M - radius2) / step) Q = ceil((N - radius2) / step) R = (rings * histograms + 1) * orientations

descs_img(M, N, 3) array (only if visualize==True)
Visualization of the DAISY descriptors.

References

1(1,2) Tola et al. “Daisy: An efficient dense descriptor applied to wide- baseline stereo.” Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on 32.5 (2010): 815-830.2 http://cvlab.epfl.ch/software/daisy
Examples using skimage.feature.daisyDense DAISY feature description
Dense DAISY feature description
draw_haar_like_feature
skimage.feature.draw_haar_like_feature(image, r, c, width, height, feature_coord, color_positive_block=(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), color_negative_block=(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), alpha=0.5, max_n_features=None, random_state=None)[source]
Visualization of Haar-like features.

Parameters
image(M, N) ndarray
The region of an integral image for which the features need to be computed.

rint
Row-coordinate of top left corner of the detection window.

cint
Column-coordinate of top left corner of the detection window.

widthint
Width of the detection window.

heightint
Height of the detection window.

feature_coordndarray of list of tuples or None, optional
The array of coordinates to be extracted. This is useful when you want to recompute only a subset of features. In this case feature_type needs to be an array containing the type of each feature, as returned by haar_like_feature_coord(). By default, all coordinates are computed.

color_positive_blocktuple of 3 floats
Floats specifying the color for the positive block. Corresponding values define (R, G, B) values. Default value is red (1, 0, 0).

color_negative_blocktuple of 3 floats
Floats specifying the color for the negative block Corresponding values define (R, G, B) values. Default value is blue (0, 1, 0).

alphafloat
Value in the range [0, 1] that specifies opacity of visualization. 1 - fully transparent, 0 - opaque.

max_n_featuresint, default=None
The maximum number of features to be returned. By default, all features are returned.

random_state{None, int, numpy.random.Generator}, optional
If random_state is None the numpy.random.Generator singleton is used. If random_state is an int, a new Generator instance is used, seeded with random_state. If random_state is already a Generator instance then that instance is used.

The random state is used when generating a set of features smaller than the total number of available features.

Returns
features(M, N), ndarray
An image in which the different features will be added.

Examples

import numpy as np
from skimage.feature import haar_like_feature_coord
from skimage.feature import draw_haar_like_feature
feature_coord, _ = haar_like_feature_coord(2, 2, ‘type-4’)
image = draw_haar_like_feature(np.zeros((2, 2)),
… 0, 0, 2, 2,
… feature_coord,
… max_n_features=1)

image
array([[[0. , 0.5, 0. ],
[0.5, 0. , 0. ]],

   [[0.5, 0. , 0. ],
    [0. , 0.5, 0. ]]])

Examples using skimage.feature.draw_haar_like_featureHaar-like feature descriptor
Haar-like feature descriptorFace classification using Haar-like feature descriptor
Face classification using Haar-like feature descriptor
draw_multiblock_lbp
skimage.feature.draw_multiblock_lbp(image, r, c, width, height, lbp_code=0, color_greater_block=(1, 1, 1), color_less_block=(0, 0.69, 0.96), alpha=0.5)[source]
Multi-block local binary pattern visualization.

Blocks with higher sums are colored with alpha-blended white rectangles, whereas blocks with lower sums are colored alpha-blended cyan. Colors and the alpha parameter can be changed.

Parameters
imagendarray of float or uint
Image on which to visualize the pattern.

rint
Row-coordinate of top left corner of a rectangle containing feature.

cint
Column-coordinate of top left corner of a rectangle containing feature.

widthint
Width of one of 9 equal rectangles that will be used to compute a feature.

heightint
Height of one of 9 equal rectangles that will be used to compute a feature.

lbp_codeint
The descriptor of feature to visualize. If not provided, the descriptor with 0 value will be used.

color_greater_blocktuple of 3 floats
Floats specifying the color for the block that has greater intensity value. They should be in the range [0, 1]. Corresponding values define (R, G, B) values. Default value is white (1, 1, 1).

alphafloat
Value in the range [0, 1] that specifies opacity of visualization. 1 - fully transparent, 0 - opaque.

Returns
outputndarray of float
Image with MB-LBP visualization.

References

1 L. Zhang, R. Chu, S. Xiang, S. Liao, S.Z. Li. “Face Detection Based on Multi-Block LBP Representation”, In Proceedings: Advances in Biometrics, International Conference, ICB 2007, Seoul, Korea. http://www.cbsr.ia.ac.cn/users/scliao/papers/Zhang-ICB07-MBLBP.pdf DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-74549-5_2
Examples using skimage.feature.draw_multiblock_lbpMulti-Block Local Binary Pattern for texture classification
Multi-Block Local Binary Pattern for texture classification
graycomatrix
skimage.feature.graycomatrix(image, distances, angles, levels=None, symmetric=False, normed=False)[source]
Calculate the gray-level co-occurrence matrix.

A gray level co-occurrence matrix is a histogram of co-occurring grayscale values at a given offset over an image.

Parameters
imagearray_like
Integer typed input image. Only positive valued images are supported. If type is other than uint8, the argument levels needs to be set.

distancesarray_like
List of pixel pair distance offsets.

anglesarray_like
List of pixel pair angles in radians.

levelsint, optional
The input image should contain integers in [0, levels-1], where levels indicate the number of gray-levels counted (typically 256 for an 8-bit image). This argument is required for 16-bit images or higher and is typically the maximum of the image. As the output matrix is at least levels x levels, it might be preferable to use binning of the input image rather than large values for levels.

symmetricbool, optional
If True, the output matrix P[:, :, d, theta] is symmetric. This is accomplished by ignoring the order of value pairs, so both (i, j) and (j, i) are accumulated when (i, j) is encountered for a given offset. The default is False.

normedbool, optional
If True, normalize each matrix P[:, :, d, theta] by dividing by the total number of accumulated co-occurrences for the given offset. The elements of the resulting matrix sum to 1. The default is False.

Returns
P4-D ndarray
The gray-level co-occurrence histogram. The value P[i,j,d,theta] is the number of times that gray-level j occurs at a distance d and at an angle theta from gray-level i. If normed is False, the output is of type uint32, otherwise it is float64. The dimensions are: levels x levels x number of distances x number of angles.

References

1 M. Hall-Beyer, 2007. GLCM Texture: A Tutorial https://prism.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/51900 DOI:10.11575/PRISM/332802 R.M. Haralick, K. Shanmugam, and I. Dinstein, “Textural features for image classification”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. SMC-3, no. 6, pp. 610-621, Nov. 1973. DOI:10.1109/TSMC.1973.43093143 M. Nadler and E.P. Smith, Pattern Recognition Engineering, Wiley-Interscience, 1993.4 Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-occurrence_matrix
Examples

Compute 2 GLCMs: One for a 1-pixel offset to the right, and one for a 1-pixel offset upwards.

image = np.array([[0, 0, 1, 1],
… [0, 0, 1, 1],
… [0, 2, 2, 2],
… [2, 2, 3, 3]], dtype=np.uint8)

result = graycomatrix(image, [1], [0, np.pi/4, np.pi/2, 3*np.pi/4],
… levels=4)

result[:, :, 0, 0]
array([[2, 2, 1, 0],
[0, 2, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 3, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 1]], dtype=uint32)

result[:, :, 0, 1]
array([[1, 1, 3, 0],
[0, 1, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 2],
[0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=uint32)

result[:, :, 0, 2]
array([[3, 0, 2, 0],
[0, 2, 2, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 2],
[0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=uint32)

result[:, :, 0, 3]
array([[2, 0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 2, 0],
[0, 0, 2, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=uint32)
Examples using skimage.feature.graycomatrixGLCM Texture Features
GLCM Texture Features
graycoprops
skimage.feature.graycoprops(P, prop=‘contrast’)[source]
Calculate texture properties of a GLCM.

Compute a feature of a gray level co-occurrence matrix to serve as a compact summary of the matrix. The properties are computed as follows:

‘contrast’: ∑levels−1i,j=0Pi,j(i−j)2

‘dissimilarity’: ∑levels−1i,j=0Pi,j|i−j|

‘homogeneity’: ∑levels−1i,j=0Pi,j1+(i−j)2

‘ASM’: ∑levels−1i,j=0P2i,j

‘energy’: ASM−−−−−√

‘correlation’:
∑i,j=0levels−1Pi,j⎡⎣⎢(i−μi) (j−μj)(σ2i)(σ2j)−−−−−−−√⎤⎦⎥
Each GLCM is normalized to have a sum of 1 before the computation of texture properties.

Parameters
Pndarray
Input array. P is the gray-level co-occurrence histogram for which to compute the specified property. The value P[i,j,d,theta] is the number of times that gray-level j occurs at a distance d and at an angle theta from gray-level i.

prop{‘contrast’, ‘dissimilarity’, ‘homogeneity’, ‘energy’, ‘correlation’, ‘ASM’}, optional
The property of the GLCM to compute. The default is ‘contrast’.

Returns
results2-D ndarray
2-dimensional array. results[d, a] is the property ‘prop’ for the d’th distance and the a’th angle.

References

1 M. Hall-Beyer, 2007. GLCM Texture: A Tutorial v. 1.0 through 3.0. The GLCM Tutorial Home Page, https://prism.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/51900 DOI:10.11575/PRISM/33280
Examples

Compute the contrast for GLCMs with distances [1, 2] and angles [0 degrees, 90 degrees]

image = np.array([[0, 0, 1, 1],
… [0, 0, 1, 1],
… [0, 2, 2, 2],
… [2, 2, 3, 3]], dtype=np.uint8)

g = graycomatrix(image, [1, 2], [0, np.pi/2], levels=4,
… normed=True, symmetric=True)

contrast = graycoprops(g, ‘contrast’)
contrast
array([[0.58333333, 1. ],
[1.25 , 2.75 ]])
Examples using skimage.feature.graycopropsGLCM Texture Features
GLCM Texture Features
greycomatrix
skimage.feature.greycomatrix(image, distances, angles, levels=None, symmetric=False, normed=False)[source]
Deprecated function. Use skimage.feature.graycomatrix instead.

greycoprops
skimage.feature.greycoprops(P, prop=‘contrast’)[source]
Deprecated function. Use skimage.feature.graycoprops instead.

haar_like_feature
skimage.feature.haar_like_feature(int_image, r, c, width, height, feature_type=None, feature_coord=None)[source]
Compute the Haar-like features for a region of interest (ROI) of an integral image.

Haar-like features have been successfully used for image classification and object detection [1]. It has been used for real-time face detection algorithm proposed in [2].

Parameters
int_image(M, N) ndarray
Integral image for which the features need to be computed.

rint
Row-coordinate of top left corner of the detection window.

cint
Column-coordinate of top left corner of the detection window.

widthint
Width of the detection window.

heightint
Height of the detection window.

feature_typestr or list of str or None, optional
The type of feature to consider:

‘type-2-x’: 2 rectangles varying along the x axis;

‘type-2-y’: 2 rectangles varying along the y axis;

‘type-3-x’: 3 rectangles varying along the x axis;

‘type-3-y’: 3 rectangles varying along the y axis;

‘type-4’: 4 rectangles varying along x and y axis.

By default all features are extracted.

If using with feature_coord, it should correspond to the feature type of each associated coordinate feature.

Returns
haar_features(n_features,) ndarray of int or float
Resulting Haar-like features. Each value is equal to the subtraction of sums of the positive and negative rectangles. The data type depends of the data type of int_image: int when the data type of int_image is uint or int and float when the data type of int_image is float.

Notes

When extracting those features in parallel, be aware that the choice of the backend (i.e. multiprocessing vs threading) will have an impact on the performance. The rule of thumb is as follows: use multiprocessing when extracting features for all possible ROI in an image; use threading when extracting the feature at specific location for a limited number of ROIs. Refer to the example Face classification using Haar-like feature descriptor for more insights.

References

1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haar-like_feature2 Oren, M., Papageorgiou, C., Sinha, P., Osuna, E., & Poggio, T. (1997, June). Pedestrian detection using wavelet templates. In Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1997. Proceedings., 1997 IEEE Computer Society Conference on (pp. 193-199). IEEE. http://tinyurl.com/y6ulxfta DOI:10.1109/CVPR.1997.6093193 Viola, Paul, and Michael J. Jones. “Robust real-time face detection.” International journal of computer vision 57.2 (2004): 137-154. https://www.merl.com/publications/docs/TR2004-043.pdf DOI:10.1109/CVPR.2001.990517
Examples

import numpy as np
from skimage.transform import integral_image
from skimage.feature import haar_like_feature
img = np.ones((5, 5), dtype=np.uint8)
img_ii = integral_image(img)
feature = haar_like_feature(img_ii, 0, 0, 5, 5, ‘type-3-x’)
feature
array([-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -1, -2,
-3, -4, -1, -2, -3, -4, -1, -2, -3, -4, -1, -2, -3, -1, -2, -3, -1,
-2, -3, -1, -2, -1, -2, -1, -2, -1, -1, -1])
You can compute the feature for some pre-computed coordinates.

from skimage.feature import haar_like_feature_coord
feature_coord, feature_type = zip(
… *[haar_like_feature_coord(5, 5, feat_t)
… for feat_t in (‘type-2-x’, ‘type-3-x’)])

only select one feature over two

feature_coord = np.concatenate([x[::2] for x in feature_coord])
feature_type = np.concatenate([x[::2] for x in feature_type])
feature = haar_like_feature(img_ii, 0, 0, 5, 5,
… feature_type=feature_type,
… feature_coord=feature_coord)

feature
array([ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, -3, -5, -2, -4, -1,
-3, -5, -2, -4, -2, -4, -2, -4, -2, -1, -3, -2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1])
Examples using skimage.feature.haar_like_featureFace classification using Haar-like feature descriptor
Face classification using Haar-like feature descriptor
haar_like_feature_coord
skimage.feature.haar_like_feature_coord(width, height, feature_type=None)[source]
Compute the coordinates of Haar-like features.

Parameters
widthint
Width of the detection window.

heightint
Height of the detection window.

feature_typestr or list of str or None, optional
The type of feature to consider:

‘type-2-x’: 2 rectangles varying along the x axis;

‘type-2-y’: 2 rectangles varying along the y axis;

‘type-3-x’: 3 rectangles varying along the x axis;

‘type-3-y’: 3 rectangles varying along the y axis;

‘type-4’: 4 rectangles varying along x and y axis.

By default all features are extracted.

Returns
feature_coord(n_features, n_rectangles, 2, 2), ndarray of list of tuple coord
Coordinates of the rectangles for each feature.

feature_type(n_features,), ndarray of str
The corresponding type for each feature.

Examples

import numpy as np
from skimage.transform import integral_image
from skimage.feature import haar_like_feature_coord
feat_coord, feat_type = haar_like_feature_coord(2, 2, ‘type-4’)
feat_coord
array([ list([[(0, 0), (0, 0)], [(0, 1), (0, 1)],
[(1, 1), (1, 1)], [(1, 0), (1, 0)]])], dtype=object)

feat_type
array([‘type-4’], dtype=object)
Examples using skimage.feature.haar_like_feature_coordHaar-like feature descriptor
Haar-like feature descriptorFace classification using Haar-like feature descriptor
Face classification using Haar-like feature descriptor
hessian_matrix
skimage.feature.hessian_matrix(image, sigma=1, mode=‘constant’, cval=0, order=‘rc’)[source]
Compute the Hessian matrix.

In 2D, the Hessian matrix is defined as:

H = [Hrr Hrc]
[Hrc Hcc]
which is computed by convolving the image with the second derivatives of the Gaussian kernel in the respective r- and c-directions.

The implementation here also supports n-dimensional data.

Parameters
imagendarray
Input image.

sigmafloat
Standard deviation used for the Gaussian kernel, which is used as weighting function for the auto-correlation matrix.

mode{‘constant’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’, ‘nearest’, ‘mirror’}, optional
How to handle values outside the image borders.

cvalfloat, optional
Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

order{‘rc’, ‘xy’}, optional
This parameter allows for the use of reverse or forward order of the image axes in gradient computation. ‘rc’ indicates the use of the first axis initially (Hrr, Hrc, Hcc), whilst ‘xy’ indicates the usage of the last axis initially (Hxx, Hxy, Hyy)

Returns
H_elemslist of ndarray
Upper-diagonal elements of the hessian matrix for each pixel in the input image. In 2D, this will be a three element list containing [Hrr, Hrc, Hcc]. In nD, the list will contain (n**2 + n) / 2 arrays.

Examples

from skimage.feature import hessian_matrix
square = np.zeros((5, 5))
square[2, 2] = 4
Hrr, Hrc, Hcc = hessian_matrix(square, sigma=0.1, order=‘rc’)
Hrc
array([[ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 1., 0., -1., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., -1., 0., 1., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]])
hessian_matrix_det
skimage.feature.hessian_matrix_det(image, sigma=1, approximate=True)[source]
Compute the approximate Hessian Determinant over an image.

The 2D approximate method uses box filters over integral images to compute the approximate Hessian Determinant.

Parameters
imagendarray
The image over which to compute the Hessian Determinant.

sigmafloat, optional
Standard deviation of the Gaussian kernel used for the Hessian matrix.

approximatebool, optional
If True and the image is 2D, use a much faster approximate computation. This argument has no effect on 3D and higher images.

Returns
outarray
The array of the Determinant of Hessians.

Notes

For 2D images when approximate=True, the running time of this method only depends on size of the image. It is independent of sigma as one would expect. The downside is that the result for sigma less than 3 is not accurate, i.e., not similar to the result obtained if someone computed the Hessian and took its determinant.

References

1 Herbert Bay, Andreas Ess, Tinne Tuytelaars, Luc Van Gool, “SURF: Speeded Up Robust Features” ftp://ftp.vision.ee.ethz.ch/publications/articles/eth_biwi_00517.pdf
hessian_matrix_eigvals
skimage.feature.hessian_matrix_eigvals(H_elems)[source]
Compute eigenvalues of Hessian matrix.

Parameters
H_elemslist of ndarray
The upper-diagonal elements of the Hessian matrix, as returned by hessian_matrix.

Returns
eigsndarray
The eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix, in decreasing order. The eigenvalues are the leading dimension. That is, eigs[i, j, k] contains the ith-largest eigenvalue at position (j, k).

Examples

from skimage.feature import hessian_matrix, hessian_matrix_eigvals
square = np.zeros((5, 5))
square[2, 2] = 4
H_elems = hessian_matrix(square, sigma=0.1, order=‘rc’)
hessian_matrix_eigvals(H_elems)[0]
array([[ 0., 0., 2., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 1., 0., 1., 0.],
[ 2., 0., -2., 0., 2.],
[ 0., 1., 0., 1., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 2., 0., 0.]])
hog
skimage.feature.hog(image, orientations=9, pixels_per_cell=(8, 8), cells_per_block=(3, 3), block_norm=‘L2-Hys’, visualize=False, transform_sqrt=False, feature_vector=True, multichannel=None, *, channel_axis=None)[source]
Extract Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) for a given image.

Compute a Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) by

(optional) global image normalization

computing the gradient image in row and col

computing gradient histograms

normalizing across blocks

flattening into a feature vector

Parameters
image(M, N[, C]) ndarray
Input image.

orientationsint, optional
Number of orientation bins.

pixels_per_cell2-tuple (int, int), optional
Size (in pixels) of a cell.

cells_per_block2-tuple (int, int), optional
Number of cells in each block.

block_normstr {‘L1’, ‘L1-sqrt’, ‘L2’, ‘L2-Hys’}, optional
Block normalization method:

L1
Normalization using L1-norm.

L1-sqrt
Normalization using L1-norm, followed by square root.

L2
Normalization using L2-norm.

L2-Hys
Normalization using L2-norm, followed by limiting the maximum values to 0.2 (Hys stands for hysteresis) and renormalization using L2-norm. (default) For details, see [3], [4].

visualizebool, optional
Also return an image of the HOG. For each cell and orientation bin, the image contains a line segment that is centered at the cell center, is perpendicular to the midpoint of the range of angles spanned by the orientation bin, and has intensity proportional to the corresponding histogram value.

transform_sqrtbool, optional
Apply power law compression to normalize the image before processing. DO NOT use this if the image contains negative values. Also see notes section below.

feature_vectorbool, optional
Return the data as a feature vector by calling .ravel() on the result just before returning.

multichannelboolean, optional
If True, the last image dimension is considered as a color channel, otherwise as spatial. This argument is deprecated: specify channel_axis instead.

channel_axisint or None, optional
If None, the image is assumed to be a grayscale (single channel) image. Otherwise, this parameter indicates which axis of the array corresponds to channels.

New in version 0.19: channel_axis was added in 0.19.

Returns
out(n_blocks_row, n_blocks_col, n_cells_row, n_cells_col, n_orient) ndarray
HOG descriptor for the image. If feature_vector is True, a 1D (flattened) array is returned.

hog_image(M, N) ndarray, optional
A visualisation of the HOG image. Only provided if visualize is True.

Other Parameters
multichannelDEPRECATED
Deprecated in favor of channel_axis.

Deprecated since version 0.19.

Notes

The presented code implements the HOG extraction method from [2] with the following changes: (I) blocks of (3, 3) cells are used ((2, 2) in the paper); (II) no smoothing within cells (Gaussian spatial window with sigma=8pix in the paper); (III) L1 block normalization is used (L2-Hys in the paper).

Power law compression, also known as Gamma correction, is used to reduce the effects of shadowing and illumination variations. The compression makes the dark regions lighter. When the kwarg transform_sqrt is set to True, the function computes the square root of each color channel and then applies the hog algorithm to the image.

References

1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram_of_oriented_gradients2 Dalal, N and Triggs, B, Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection, IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2005 San Diego, CA, USA, https://lear.inrialpes.fr/people/triggs/pubs/Dalal-cvpr05.pdf, DOI:10.1109/CVPR.2005.1773 Lowe, D.G., Distinctive image features from scale-invatiant keypoints, International Journal of Computer Vision (2004) 60: 91, http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~lowe/papers/ijcv04.pdf, DOI:10.1023/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.944 Dalal, N, Finding People in Images and Videos, Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble - INPG, 2006, https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00390303/file/NavneetDalalThesis.pdf
Examples using skimage.feature.hogHistogram of Oriented Gradients
Histogram of Oriented Gradients
local_binary_pattern
skimage.feature.local_binary_pattern(image, P, R, method=‘default’)[source]
Gray scale and rotation invariant LBP (Local Binary Patterns).

LBP is an invariant descriptor that can be used for texture classification.

Parameters
image(N, M) array
Graylevel image.

Pint
Number of circularly symmetric neighbour set points (quantization of the angular space).

Rfloat
Radius of circle (spatial resolution of the operator).

method{‘default’, ‘ror’, ‘uniform’, ‘var’}
Method to determine the pattern.

‘default’: original local binary pattern which is gray scale but not
rotation invariant.

‘ror’: extension of default implementation which is gray scale and
rotation invariant.

‘uniform’: improved rotation invariance with uniform patterns and
finer quantization of the angular space which is gray scale and rotation invariant.

‘nri_uniform’: non rotation-invariant uniform patterns variant
which is only gray scale invariant [2], [3].

‘var’: rotation invariant variance measures of the contrast of local
image texture which is rotation but not gray scale invariant.

Returns
output(N, M) array
LBP image.

References

1 T. Ojala, M. Pietikainen, T. Maenpaa, “Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 971-987, July 2002 DOI:10.1109/TPAMI.2002.10176232 T. Ahonen, A. Hadid and M. Pietikainen. “Face recognition with local binary patterns”, in Proc. Eighth European Conf. Computer Vision, Prague, Czech Republic, May 11-14, 2004, pp. 469-481, 2004. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.214.6851 DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-24670-1_363 T. Ahonen, A. Hadid and M. Pietikainen, “Face Description with Local Binary Patterns: Application to Face Recognition”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 2037-2041, Dec. 2006 DOI:10.1109/TPAMI.2006.244.
Examples using skimage.feature.local_binary_patternLocal Binary Pattern for texture classification
Local Binary Pattern for texture classification
match_descriptors
skimage.feature.match_descriptors(descriptors1, descriptors2, metric=None, p=2, max_distance=inf, cross_check=True, max_ratio=1.0)[source]
Brute-force matching of descriptors.

For each descriptor in the first set this matcher finds the closest descriptor in the second set (and vice-versa in the case of enabled cross-checking).

Parameters
descriptors1(M, P) array
Descriptors of size P about M keypoints in the first image.

descriptors2(N, P) array
Descriptors of size P about N keypoints in the second image.

metric{‘euclidean’, ‘cityblock’, ‘minkowski’, ‘hamming’, …} , optional
The metric to compute the distance between two descriptors. See scipy.spatial.distance.cdist for all possible types. The hamming distance should be used for binary descriptors. By default the L2-norm is used for all descriptors of dtype float or double and the Hamming distance is used for binary descriptors automatically.

pint, optional
The p-norm to apply for metric=‘minkowski’.

max_distancefloat, optional
Maximum allowed distance between descriptors of two keypoints in separate images to be regarded as a match.

cross_checkbool, optional
If True, the matched keypoints are returned after cross checking i.e. a matched pair (keypoint1, keypoint2) is returned if keypoint2 is the best match for keypoint1 in second image and keypoint1 is the best match for keypoint2 in first image.

max_ratiofloat, optional
Maximum ratio of distances between first and second closest descriptor in the second set of descriptors. This threshold is useful to filter ambiguous matches between the two descriptor sets. The choice of this value depends on the statistics of the chosen descriptor, e.g., for SIFT descriptors a value of 0.8 is usually chosen, see D.G. Lowe, “Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints”, International Journal of Computer Vision, 2004.

Returns
matches(Q, 2) array
Indices of corresponding matches in first and second set of descriptors, where matches[:, 0] denote the indices in the first and matches[:, 1] the indices in the second set of descriptors.

Examples using skimage.feature.match_descriptorsFundamental matrix estimation
Fundamental matrix estimationORB feature detector and binary descriptor
ORB feature detector and binary descriptorBRIEF binary descriptor
BRIEF binary descriptorSIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor
SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor
match_template
skimage.feature.match_template(image, template, pad_input=False, mode=‘constant’, constant_values=0)[source]
Match a template to a 2-D or 3-D image using normalized correlation.

The output is an array with values between -1.0 and 1.0. The value at a given position corresponds to the correlation coefficient between the image and the template.

For pad_input=True matches correspond to the center and otherwise to the top-left corner of the template. To find the best match you must search for peaks in the response (output) image.

Parameters
image(M, N[, D]) array
2-D or 3-D input image.

template(m, n[, d]) array
Template to locate. It must be (m <= M, n <= N[, d <= D]).

pad_inputbool
If True, pad image so that output is the same size as the image, and output values correspond to the template center. Otherwise, the output is an array with shape (M - m + 1, N - n + 1) for an (M, N) image and an (m, n) template, and matches correspond to origin (top-left corner) of the template.

modesee numpy.pad, optional
Padding mode.

constant_valuessee numpy.pad, optional
Constant values used in conjunction with mode=‘constant’.

Returns
outputarray
Response image with correlation coefficients.

Notes

Details on the cross-correlation are presented in [1]. This implementation uses FFT convolutions of the image and the template. Reference [2] presents similar derivations but the approximation presented in this reference is not used in our implementation.

References

1 J. P. Lewis, “Fast Normalized Cross-Correlation”, Industrial Light and Magic.2 Briechle and Hanebeck, “Template Matching using Fast Normalized Cross Correlation”, Proceedings of the SPIE (2001). DOI:10.1117/12.421129
Examples

template = np.zeros((3, 3))
template[1, 1] = 1
template
array([[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.]])

image = np.zeros((6, 6))
image[1, 1] = 1
image[4, 4] = -1
image
array([[ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 0., -1., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]])

result = match_template(image, template)
np.round(result, 3)
array([[ 1. , -0.125, 0. , 0. ],
[-0.125, -0.125, 0. , 0. ],
[ 0. , 0. , 0.125, 0.125],
[ 0. , 0. , 0.125, -1. ]])

result = match_template(image, template, pad_input=True)
np.round(result, 3)
array([[-0.125, -0.125, -0.125, 0. , 0. , 0. ],
[-0.125, 1. , -0.125, 0. , 0. , 0. ],
[-0.125, -0.125, -0.125, 0. , 0. , 0. ],
[ 0. , 0. , 0. , 0.125, 0.125, 0.125],
[ 0. , 0. , 0. , 0.125, -1. , 0.125],
[ 0. , 0. , 0. , 0.125, 0.125, 0.125]])
Examples using skimage.feature.match_templateTemplate Matching
Template Matching
multiblock_lbp
skimage.feature.multiblock_lbp(int_image, r, c, width, height)[source]
Multi-block local binary pattern (MB-LBP).

The features are calculated similarly to local binary patterns (LBPs), (See local_binary_pattern()) except that summed blocks are used instead of individual pixel values.

MB-LBP is an extension of LBP that can be computed on multiple scales in constant time using the integral image. Nine equally-sized rectangles are used to compute a feature. For each rectangle, the sum of the pixel intensities is computed. Comparisons of these sums to that of the central rectangle determine the feature, similarly to LBP.

Parameters
int_image(N, M) array
Integral image.

rint
Row-coordinate of top left corner of a rectangle containing feature.

cint
Column-coordinate of top left corner of a rectangle containing feature.

widthint
Width of one of the 9 equal rectangles that will be used to compute a feature.

heightint
Height of one of the 9 equal rectangles that will be used to compute a feature.

Returns
outputint
8-bit MB-LBP feature descriptor.

References

1 L. Zhang, R. Chu, S. Xiang, S. Liao, S.Z. Li. “Face Detection Based on Multi-Block LBP Representation”, In Proceedings: Advances in Biometrics, International Conference, ICB 2007, Seoul, Korea. http://www.cbsr.ia.ac.cn/users/scliao/papers/Zhang-ICB07-MBLBP.pdf DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-74549-5_2
Examples using skimage.feature.multiblock_lbpMulti-Block Local Binary Pattern for texture classification
Multi-Block Local Binary Pattern for texture classification
multiscale_basic_features
skimage.feature.multiscale_basic_features(image, multichannel=False, intensity=True, edges=True, texture=True, sigma_min=0.5, sigma_max=16, num_sigma=None, num_workers=None, *, channel_axis=None)[source]
Local features for a single- or multi-channel nd image.

Intensity, gradient intensity and local structure are computed at different scales thanks to Gaussian blurring.

Parameters
imagendarray
Input image, which can be grayscale or multichannel.

multichannelbool, default False
True if the last dimension corresponds to color channels. This argument is deprecated: specify channel_axis instead.

intensitybool, default True
If True, pixel intensities averaged over the different scales are added to the feature set.

edgesbool, default True
If True, intensities of local gradients averaged over the different scales are added to the feature set.

texturebool, default True
If True, eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix after Gaussian blurring at different scales are added to the feature set.

sigma_minfloat, optional
Smallest value of the Gaussian kernel used to average local neighbourhoods before extracting features.

sigma_maxfloat, optional
Largest value of the Gaussian kernel used to average local neighbourhoods before extracting features.

num_sigmaint, optional
Number of values of the Gaussian kernel between sigma_min and sigma_max. If None, sigma_min multiplied by powers of 2 are used.

num_workersint or None, optional
The number of parallel threads to use. If set to None, the full set of available cores are used.

channel_axisint or None, optional
If None, the image is assumed to be a grayscale (single channel) image. Otherwise, this parameter indicates which axis of the array corresponds to channels.

New in version 0.19: channel_axis was added in 0.19.

Returns
featuresnp.ndarray
Array of shape image.shape + (n_features,). When channel_axis is not None, all channels are concatenated along the features dimension. (i.e. n_features == n_features_singlechannel * n_channels)

Other Parameters
multichannelDEPRECATED
Deprecated in favor of channel_axis.

Deprecated since version 0.19.

Examples using skimage.feature.multiscale_basic_featuresTrainable segmentation using local features and random forests
Trainable segmentation using local features and random forests
peak_local_max
skimage.feature.peak_local_max(image, min_distance=1, threshold_abs=None, threshold_rel=None, exclude_border=True, indices=True, num_peaks=inf, footprint=None, labels=None, num_peaks_per_label=inf, p_norm=inf)[source]
Find peaks in an image as coordinate list or boolean mask.

Peaks are the local maxima in a region of 2 * min_distance + 1 (i.e. peaks are separated by at least min_distance).

If both threshold_abs and threshold_rel are provided, the maximum of the two is chosen as the minimum intensity threshold of peaks.

Changed in version 0.18: Prior to version 0.18, peaks of the same height within a radius of min_distance were all returned, but this could cause unexpected behaviour. From 0.18 onwards, an arbitrary peak within the region is returned. See issue gh-2592.

Parameters
imagendarray
Input image.

min_distanceint, optional
The minimal allowed distance separating peaks. To find the maximum number of peaks, use min_distance=1.

threshold_absfloat or None, optional
Minimum intensity of peaks. By default, the absolute threshold is the minimum intensity of the image.

threshold_relfloat or None, optional
Minimum intensity of peaks, calculated as max(image) * threshold_rel.

exclude_borderint, tuple of ints, or bool, optional
If positive integer, exclude_border excludes peaks from within exclude_border-pixels of the border of the image. If tuple of non-negative ints, the length of the tuple must match the input array’s dimensionality. Each element of the tuple will exclude peaks from within exclude_border-pixels of the border of the image along that dimension. If True, takes the min_distance parameter as value. If zero or False, peaks are identified regardless of their distance from the border.

indicesbool, optional
If True, the output will be an array representing peak coordinates. The coordinates are sorted according to peaks values (Larger first). If False, the output will be a boolean array shaped as image.shape with peaks present at True elements. indices is deprecated and will be removed in version 0.20. Default behavior will be to always return peak coordinates. You can obtain a mask as shown in the example below.

num_peaksint, optional
Maximum number of peaks. When the number of peaks exceeds num_peaks, return num_peaks peaks based on highest peak intensity.

footprintndarray of bools, optional
If provided, footprint == 1 represents the local region within which to search for peaks at every point in image.

labelsndarray of ints, optional
If provided, each unique region labels == value represents a unique region to search for peaks. Zero is reserved for background.

num_peaks_per_labelint, optional
Maximum number of peaks for each label.

Returns
outputndarray or ndarray of bools
If indices = True : (row, column, …) coordinates of peaks.

If indices = False : Boolean array shaped like image, with peaks represented by True values.

See also

skimage.feature.corner_peaks
Notes

The peak local maximum function returns the coordinates of local peaks (maxima) in an image. Internally, a maximum filter is used for finding local maxima. This operation dilates the original image. After comparison of the dilated and original image, this function returns the coordinates or a mask of the peaks where the dilated image equals the original image.

Examples

img1 = np.zeros((7, 7))
img1[3, 4] = 1
img1[3, 2] = 1.5
img1
array([[0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. ],
[0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. ],
[0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. ],
[0. , 0. , 1.5, 0. , 1. , 0. , 0. ],
[0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. ],
[0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. ],
[0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. , 0. ]])

peak_local_max(img1, min_distance=1)
array([[3, 2],
[3, 4]])

peak_local_max(img1, min_distance=2)
array([[3, 2]])

img2 = np.zeros((20, 20, 20))
img2[10, 10, 10] = 1
img2[15, 15, 15] = 1
peak_idx = peak_local_max(img2, exclude_border=0)
peak_idx
array([[10, 10, 10],
[15, 15, 15]])

peak_mask = np.zeros_like(img2, dtype=bool)
peak_mask[tuple(peak_idx.T)] = True
np.argwhere(peak_mask)
array([[10, 10, 10],
[15, 15, 15]])
Examples using skimage.feature.peak_local_maxFinding local maxima
Finding local maximaWatershed segmentation
Watershed segmentationSegment human cells (in mitosis)
Segment human cells (in mitosis)
plot_matches
skimage.feature.plot_matches(ax, image1, image2, keypoints1, keypoints2, matches, keypoints_color=‘k’, matches_color=None, only_matches=False, alignment=‘horizontal’)[source]
Plot matched features.

Parameters
axmatplotlib.axes.Axes
Matches and image are drawn in this ax.

image1(N, M [, 3]) array
First grayscale or color image.

image2(N, M [, 3]) array
Second grayscale or color image.

keypoints1(K1, 2) array
First keypoint coordinates as (row, col).

keypoints2(K2, 2) array
Second keypoint coordinates as (row, col).

matches(Q, 2) array
Indices of corresponding matches in first and second set of descriptors, where matches[:, 0] denote the indices in the first and matches[:, 1] the indices in the second set of descriptors.

keypoints_colormatplotlib color, optional
Color for keypoint locations.

matches_colormatplotlib color, optional
Color for lines which connect keypoint matches. By default the color is chosen randomly.

only_matchesbool, optional
Whether to only plot matches and not plot the keypoint locations.

alignment{‘horizontal’, ‘vertical’}, optional
Whether to show images side by side, ‘horizontal’, or one above the other, ‘vertical’.

Examples using skimage.feature.plot_matchesFundamental matrix estimation
Fundamental matrix estimationRobust matching using RANSAC
Robust matching using RANSACORB feature detector and binary descriptor
ORB feature detector and binary descriptorBRIEF binary descriptor
BRIEF binary descriptorSIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor
SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor
shape_index
skimage.feature.shape_index(image, sigma=1, mode=‘constant’, cval=0)[source]
Compute the shape index.

The shape index, as defined by Koenderink & van Doorn [1], is a single valued measure of local curvature, assuming the image as a 3D plane with intensities representing heights.

It is derived from the eigenvalues of the Hessian, and its value ranges from -1 to 1 (and is undefined (=NaN) in flat regions), with following ranges representing following shapes:

Ranges of the shape index and corresponding shapes.
Interval (s in …)

Shape

[ -1, -7/8)

Spherical cup

[-7/8, -5/8)

Through

[-5/8, -3/8)

Rut

[-3/8, -1/8)

Saddle rut

[-1/8, +1/8)

Saddle

[+1/8, +3/8)

Saddle ridge

[+3/8, +5/8)

Ridge

[+5/8, +7/8)

Dome

[+7/8, +1]

Spherical cap

Parameters
image(M, N) ndarray
Input image.

sigmafloat, optional
Standard deviation used for the Gaussian kernel, which is used for smoothing the input data before Hessian eigen value calculation.

mode{‘constant’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’, ‘nearest’, ‘mirror’}, optional
How to handle values outside the image borders

cvalfloat, optional
Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

Returns
sndarray
Shape index

References

1 Koenderink, J. J. & van Doorn, A. J., “Surface shape and curvature scales”, Image and Vision Computing, 1992, 10, 557-564. DOI:10.1016/0262-8856(92)90076-F
Examples

from skimage.feature import shape_index
square = np.zeros((5, 5))
square[2, 2] = 4
s = shape_index(square, sigma=0.1)
s
array([[ nan, nan, -0.5, nan, nan],
[ nan, -0. , nan, -0. , nan],
[-0.5, nan, -1. , nan, -0.5],
[ nan, -0. , nan, -0. , nan],
[ nan, nan, -0.5, nan, nan]])
Examples using skimage.feature.shape_indexShape Index
Shape Index
structure_tensor
skimage.feature.structure_tensor(image, sigma=1, mode=‘constant’, cval=0, order=None)[source]
Compute structure tensor using sum of squared differences.

The (2-dimensional) structure tensor A is defined as:

A = [Arr Arc]
[Arc Acc]
which is approximated by the weighted sum of squared differences in a local window around each pixel in the image. This formula can be extended to a larger number of dimensions (see [1]).

Parameters
imagendarray
Input image.

sigmafloat or array-like of float, optional
Standard deviation used for the Gaussian kernel, which is used as a weighting function for the local summation of squared differences. If sigma is an iterable, its length must be equal to image.ndim and each element is used for the Gaussian kernel applied along its respective axis.

mode{‘constant’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’, ‘nearest’, ‘mirror’}, optional
How to handle values outside the image borders.

cvalfloat, optional
Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

order{‘rc’, ‘xy’}, optional
NOTE: Only applies in 2D. Higher dimensions must always use ‘rc’ order. This parameter allows for the use of reverse or forward order of the image axes in gradient computation. ‘rc’ indicates the use of the first axis initially (Arr, Arc, Acc), whilst ‘xy’ indicates the usage of the last axis initially (Axx, Axy, Ayy).

Returns
A_elemslist of ndarray
Upper-diagonal elements of the structure tensor for each pixel in the input image.

See also

structure_tensor_eigenvalues
References

1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_tensor
Examples

from skimage.feature import structure_tensor
square = np.zeros((5, 5))
square[2, 2] = 1
Arr, Arc, Acc = structure_tensor(square, sigma=0.1, order=‘rc’)
Acc
array([[0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 1., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 4., 0., 4., 0.],
[0., 1., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]])
Examples using skimage.feature.structure_tensorEstimate anisotropy in a 3D microscopy image
Estimate anisotropy in a 3D microscopy image
structure_tensor_eigenvalues
skimage.feature.structure_tensor_eigenvalues(A_elems)[source]
Compute eigenvalues of structure tensor.

Parameters
A_elemslist of ndarray
The upper-diagonal elements of the structure tensor, as returned by structure_tensor.

Returns
ndarray
The eigenvalues of the structure tensor, in decreasing order. The eigenvalues are the leading dimension. That is, the coordinate [i, j, k] corresponds to the ith-largest eigenvalue at position (j, k).

See also

structure_tensor
Examples

from skimage.feature import structure_tensor
from skimage.feature import structure_tensor_eigenvalues
square = np.zeros((5, 5))
square[2, 2] = 1
A_elems = structure_tensor(square, sigma=0.1, order=‘rc’)
structure_tensor_eigenvalues(A_elems)[0]
array([[0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 2., 4., 2., 0.],
[0., 4., 0., 4., 0.],
[0., 2., 4., 2., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]])
Examples using skimage.feature.structure_tensor_eigenvaluesEstimate anisotropy in a 3D microscopy image
Estimate anisotropy in a 3D microscopy image
structure_tensor_eigvals
skimage.feature.structure_tensor_eigvals(Axx, Axy, Ayy)[source]
Compute eigenvalues of structure tensor.

Parameters
Axxndarray
Element of the structure tensor for each pixel in the input image.

Axyndarray
Element of the structure tensor for each pixel in the input image.

Ayyndarray
Element of the structure tensor for each pixel in the input image.

Returns
l1ndarray
Larger eigen value for each input matrix.

l2ndarray
Smaller eigen value for each input matrix.

Examples

from skimage.feature import structure_tensor, structure_tensor_eigvals
square = np.zeros((5, 5))
square[2, 2] = 1
Arr, Arc, Acc = structure_tensor(square, sigma=0.1, order=‘rc’)
structure_tensor_eigvals(Acc, Arc, Arr)[0]
array([[0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 2., 4., 2., 0.],
[0., 4., 0., 4., 0.],
[0., 2., 4., 2., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]])
BRIEF
class skimage.feature.BRIEF(descriptor_size=256, patch_size=49, mode=‘normal’, sigma=1, sample_seed=1)[source]
Bases: skimage.feature.util.DescriptorExtractor

BRIEF binary descriptor extractor.

BRIEF (Binary Robust Independent Elementary Features) is an efficient feature point descriptor. It is highly discriminative even when using relatively few bits and is computed using simple intensity difference tests.

For each keypoint, intensity comparisons are carried out for a specifically distributed number N of pixel-pairs resulting in a binary descriptor of length N. For binary descriptors the Hamming distance can be used for feature matching, which leads to lower computational cost in comparison to the L2 norm.

Parameters
descriptor_sizeint, optional
Size of BRIEF descriptor for each keypoint. Sizes 128, 256 and 512 recommended by the authors. Default is 256.

patch_sizeint, optional
Length of the two dimensional square patch sampling region around the keypoints. Default is 49.

mode{‘normal’, ‘uniform’}, optional
Probability distribution for sampling location of decision pixel-pairs around keypoints.

sample_seed{None, int, numpy.random.Generator}, optional
If sample_seed is None the numpy.random.Generator singleton is used. If sample_seed is an int, a new Generator instance is used, seeded with sample_seed. If sample_seed is already a Generator instance then that instance is used.

Seed for the random sampling of the decision pixel-pairs. From a square window with length patch_size, pixel pairs are sampled using the mode parameter to build the descriptors using intensity comparison. The value of sample_seed must be the same for the images to be matched while building the descriptors.

sigmafloat, optional
Standard deviation of the Gaussian low-pass filter applied to the image to alleviate noise sensitivity, which is strongly recommended to obtain discriminative and good descriptors.

Examples

from skimage.feature import (corner_harris, corner_peaks, BRIEF,
… match_descriptors)

import numpy as np
square1 = np.zeros((8, 8), dtype=np.int32)
square1[2:6, 2:6] = 1
square1
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=int32)

square2 = np.zeros((9, 9), dtype=np.int32)
square2[2:7, 2:7] = 1
square2
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=int32)

keypoints1 = corner_peaks(corner_harris(square1), min_distance=1)
keypoints2 = corner_peaks(corner_harris(square2), min_distance=1)
extractor = BRIEF(patch_size=5)
extractor.extract(square1, keypoints1)
descriptors1 = extractor.descriptors
extractor.extract(square2, keypoints2)
descriptors2 = extractor.descriptors
matches = match_descriptors(descriptors1, descriptors2)
matches
array([[0, 0],
[1, 1],
[2, 2],
[3, 3]])

keypoints1[matches[:, 0]]
array([[2, 2],
[2, 5],
[5, 2],
[5, 5]])

keypoints2[matches[:, 1]]
array([[2, 2],
[2, 6],
[6, 2],
[6, 6]])
Attributes
descriptors(Q, descriptor_size) array of dtype bool
2D ndarray of binary descriptors of size descriptor_size for Q keypoints after filtering out border keypoints with value at an index (i, j) either being True or False representing the outcome of the intensity comparison for i-th keypoint on j-th decision pixel-pair. It is Q == np.sum(mask).

mask(N, ) array of dtype bool
Mask indicating whether a keypoint has been filtered out (False) or is described in the descriptors array (True).

init(descriptor_size=256, patch_size=49, mode=‘normal’, sigma=1, sample_seed=1)[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

extract(image, keypoints)[source]
Extract BRIEF binary descriptors for given keypoints in image.

Parameters
image2D array
Input image.

keypoints(N, 2) array
Keypoint coordinates as (row, col).

Examples using skimage.feature.BRIEFBRIEF binary descriptor
BRIEF binary descriptor
CENSURE
class skimage.feature.CENSURE(min_scale=1, max_scale=7, mode=‘DoB’, non_max_threshold=0.15, line_threshold=10)[source]
Bases: skimage.feature.util.FeatureDetector

CENSURE keypoint detector.

min_scaleint, optional
Minimum scale to extract keypoints from.

max_scaleint, optional
Maximum scale to extract keypoints from. The keypoints will be extracted from all the scales except the first and the last i.e. from the scales in the range [min_scale + 1, max_scale - 1]. The filter sizes for different scales is such that the two adjacent scales comprise of an octave.

mode{‘DoB’, ‘Octagon’, ‘STAR’}, optional
Type of bi-level filter used to get the scales of the input image. Possible values are ‘DoB’, ‘Octagon’ and ‘STAR’. The three modes represent the shape of the bi-level filters i.e. box(square), octagon and star respectively. For instance, a bi-level octagon filter consists of a smaller inner octagon and a larger outer octagon with the filter weights being uniformly negative in both the inner octagon while uniformly positive in the difference region. Use STAR and Octagon for better features and DoB for better performance.

non_max_thresholdfloat, optional
Threshold value used to suppress maximas and minimas with a weak magnitude response obtained after Non-Maximal Suppression.

line_thresholdfloat, optional
Threshold for rejecting interest points which have ratio of principal curvatures greater than this value.

References

1 Motilal Agrawal, Kurt Konolige and Morten Rufus Blas “CENSURE: Center Surround Extremas for Realtime Feature Detection and Matching”, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-88693-8_8 DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-88693-8_82 Adam Schmidt, Marek Kraft, Michal Fularz and Zuzanna Domagala “Comparative Assessment of Point Feature Detectors and Descriptors in the Context of Robot Navigation” http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-268aaf28-0faf-4872-a4df-7e2e61cb364c/c/Schmidt_comparative.pdf DOI:10.1.1.465.1117
Examples

from skimage.data import astronaut
from skimage.color import rgb2gray
from skimage.feature import CENSURE
img = rgb2gray(astronaut()[100:300, 100:300])
censure = CENSURE()
censure.detect(img)
censure.keypoints
array([[ 4, 148],
[ 12, 73],
[ 21, 176],
[ 91, 22],
[ 93, 56],
[ 94, 22],
[ 95, 54],
[100, 51],
[103, 51],
[106, 67],
[108, 15],
[117, 20],
[122, 60],
[125, 37],
[129, 37],
[133, 76],
[145, 44],
[146, 94],
[150, 114],
[153, 33],
[154, 156],
[155, 151],
[184, 63]])

censure.scales
array([2, 6, 6, 2, 4, 3, 2, 3, 2, 6, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 4, 2,
2])
Attributes
keypoints(N, 2) array
Keypoint coordinates as (row, col).

scales(N, ) array
Corresponding scales.

init(min_scale=1, max_scale=7, mode=‘DoB’, non_max_threshold=0.15, line_threshold=10)[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

detect(image)[source]
Detect CENSURE keypoints along with the corresponding scale.

Parameters
image2D ndarray
Input image.

Examples using skimage.feature.CENSURECENSURE feature detector
CENSURE feature detector
Cascade
class skimage.feature.Cascade
Bases: object

Class for cascade of classifiers that is used for object detection.

The main idea behind cascade of classifiers is to create classifiers of medium accuracy and ensemble them into one strong classifier instead of just creating a strong one. The second advantage of cascade classifier is that easy examples can be classified only by evaluating some of the classifiers in the cascade, making the process much faster than the process of evaluating a one strong classifier.

Notes

The cascade approach was first described by Viola and Jones [1], [2], although these initial publications used a set of Haar-like features. This implementation instead uses multi-scale block local binary pattern (MB-LBP) features [3].

References

1 Viola, P. and Jones, M. “Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features,” In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001, pp. I-I. DOI:10.1109/CVPR.2001.9905172 Viola, P. and Jones, M.J, “Robust Real-Time Face Detection”, International Journal of Computer Vision 57, 137–154 (2004). DOI:10.1023/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb3 Liao, S. et al. Learning Multi-scale Block Local Binary Patterns for Face Recognition. International Conference on Biometrics (ICB), 2007, pp. 828-837. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4642. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-74549-5_87
Attributes
epscnp.float32_t
Accuracy parameter. Increasing it, makes the classifier detect less false positives but at the same time the false negative score increases.

stages_numberPy_ssize_t
Amount of stages in a cascade. Each cascade consists of stumps i.e. trained features.

stumps_numberPy_ssize_t
The overall amount of stumps in all the stages of cascade.

features_numberPy_ssize_t
The overall amount of different features used by cascade. Two stumps can use the same features but has different trained values.

window_widthPy_ssize_t
The width of a detection window that is used. Objects smaller than this window can’t be detected.

window_heightPy_ssize_t
The height of a detection window.

stagesStage*
A pointer to the C array that stores stages information using a Stage struct.

featuresMBLBP*
A pointer to the C array that stores MBLBP features using an MBLBP struct.

LUTscnp.uint32_t*
A pointer to the C array with look-up tables that are used by trained MBLBP features (MBLBPStumps) to evaluate a particular region.

init()
Initialize cascade classifier.

Parameters
xml_filefile’s path or file’s object
A file in a OpenCv format from which all the cascade classifier’s parameters are loaded.

epscnp.float32_t
Accuracy parameter. Increasing it, makes the classifier detect less false positives but at the same time the false negative score increases.

detect_multi_scale()
Search for the object on multiple scales of input image.

The function takes the input image, the scale factor by which the searching window is multiplied on each step, minimum window size and maximum window size that specify the interval for the search windows that are applied to the input image to detect objects.

Parameters
img2-D or 3-D ndarray
Ndarray that represents the input image.

scale_factorcnp.float32_t
The scale by which searching window is multiplied on each step.

step_ratiocnp.float32_t
The ratio by which the search step in multiplied on each scale of the image. 1 represents the exaustive search and usually is slow. By setting this parameter to higher values the results will be worse but the computation will be much faster. Usually, values in the interval [1, 1.5] give good results.

min_sizetyple (int, int)
Minimum size of the search window.

max_sizetyple (int, int)
Maximum size of the search window.

min_neighbour_numberint
Minimum amount of intersecting detections in order for detection to be approved by the function.

intersection_score_thresholdcnp.float32_t
The minimum value of value of ratio (intersection area) / (small rectangle ratio) in order to merge two detections into one.

Returns
outputlist of dicts
Dict have form {‘r’: int, ‘c’: int, ‘width’: int, ‘height’: int}, where ‘r’ represents row position of top left corner of detected window, ‘c’ - col position, ‘width’ - width of detected window, ‘height’ - height of detected window.

eps
features_number
stages_number
stumps_number
window_height
window_width
Examples using skimage.feature.CascadeFace detection using a cascade classifier
Face detection using a cascade classifier
ORB
class skimage.feature.ORB(downscale=1.2, n_scales=8, n_keypoints=500, fast_n=9, fast_threshold=0.08, harris_k=0.04)[source]
Bases: skimage.feature.util.FeatureDetector, skimage.feature.util.DescriptorExtractor

Oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF feature detector and binary descriptor extractor.

Parameters
n_keypointsint, optional
Number of keypoints to be returned. The function will return the best n_keypoints according to the Harris corner response if more than n_keypoints are detected. If not, then all the detected keypoints are returned.

fast_nint, optional
The n parameter in skimage.feature.corner_fast. Minimum number of consecutive pixels out of 16 pixels on the circle that should all be either brighter or darker w.r.t test-pixel. A point c on the circle is darker w.r.t test pixel p if Ic < Ip - threshold and brighter if Ic > Ip + threshold. Also stands for the n in FAST-n corner detector.

fast_thresholdfloat, optional
The threshold parameter in feature.corner_fast. Threshold used to decide whether the pixels on the circle are brighter, darker or similar w.r.t. the test pixel. Decrease the threshold when more corners are desired and vice-versa.

harris_kfloat, optional
The k parameter in skimage.feature.corner_harris. Sensitivity factor to separate corners from edges, typically in range [0, 0.2]. Small values of k result in detection of sharp corners.

downscalefloat, optional
Downscale factor for the image pyramid. Default value 1.2 is chosen so that there are more dense scales which enable robust scale invariance for a subsequent feature description.

n_scalesint, optional
Maximum number of scales from the bottom of the image pyramid to extract the features from.

References

1 Ethan Rublee, Vincent Rabaud, Kurt Konolige and Gary Bradski “ORB: An efficient alternative to SIFT and SURF” http://www.vision.cs.chubu.ac.jp/CV-R/pdf/Rublee_iccv2011.pdf
Examples

from skimage.feature import ORB, match_descriptors
img1 = np.zeros((100, 100))
img2 = np.zeros_like(img1)
rng = np.random.default_rng(19481137) # do not copy this value
square = rng.random((20, 20))
img1[40:60, 40:60] = square
img2[53:73, 53:73] = square
detector_extractor1 = ORB(n_keypoints=5)
detector_extractor2 = ORB(n_keypoints=5)
detector_extractor1.detect_and_extract(img1)
detector_extractor2.detect_and_extract(img2)
matches = match_descriptors(detector_extractor1.descriptors,
… detector_extractor2.descriptors)

matches
array([[0, 0],
[1, 1],
[2, 2],
[3, 4],
[4, 3]])

detector_extractor1.keypoints[matches[:, 0]]
array([[59. , 59. ],
[40. , 40. ],
[57. , 40. ],
[46. , 58. ],
[58.8, 58.8]])

detector_extractor2.keypoints[matches[:, 1]]
array([[72., 72.],
[53., 53.],
[70., 53.],
[59., 71.],
[72., 72.]])
Attributes
keypoints(N, 2) array
Keypoint coordinates as (row, col).

scales(N, ) array
Corresponding scales.

orientations(N, ) array
Corresponding orientations in radians.

responses(N, ) array
Corresponding Harris corner responses.

descriptors(Q, descriptor_size) array of dtype bool
2D array of binary descriptors of size descriptor_size for Q keypoints after filtering out border keypoints with value at an index (i, j) either being True or False representing the outcome of the intensity comparison for i-th keypoint on j-th decision pixel-pair. It is Q == np.sum(mask).

init(downscale=1.2, n_scales=8, n_keypoints=500, fast_n=9, fast_threshold=0.08, harris_k=0.04)[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

detect(image)[source]
Detect oriented FAST keypoints along with the corresponding scale.

Parameters
image2D array
Input image.

detect_and_extract(image)[source]
Detect oriented FAST keypoints and extract rBRIEF descriptors.

Note that this is faster than first calling detect and then extract.

Parameters
image2D array
Input image.

extract(image, keypoints, scales, orientations)[source]
Extract rBRIEF binary descriptors for given keypoints in image.

Note that the keypoints must be extracted using the same downscale and n_scales parameters. Additionally, if you want to extract both keypoints and descriptors you should use the faster detect_and_extract.

Parameters
image2D array
Input image.

keypoints(N, 2) array
Keypoint coordinates as (row, col).

scales(N, ) array
Corresponding scales.

orientations(N, ) array
Corresponding orientations in radians.

Examples using skimage.feature.ORBFundamental matrix estimation
Fundamental matrix estimationORB feature detector and binary descriptor
ORB feature detector and binary descriptor
SIFT
class skimage.feature.SIFT(upsampling=2, n_octaves=8, n_scales=3, sigma_min=1.6, sigma_in=0.5, c_dog=0.013333333333333334, c_edge=10, n_bins=36, lambda_ori=1.5, c_max=0.8, lambda_descr=6, n_hist=4, n_ori=8)[source]
Bases: skimage.feature.util.FeatureDetector, skimage.feature.util.DescriptorExtractor

SIFT feature detection and descriptor extraction.

Parameters
upsamplingint, optional
Prior to the feature detection the image is upscaled by a factor of 1 (no upscaling), 2 or 4. Method: Bi-cubic interpolation.

n_octavesint, optional
Maximum number of octaves. With every octave the image size is halved and the sigma doubled. The number of octaves will be reduced as needed to keep at least 12 pixels along each dimension at the smallest scale.

n_scalesint, optional
Maximum number of scales in every octave.

sigma_minfloat, optional
The blur level of the seed image. If upsampling is enabled sigma_min is scaled by factor 1/upsampling

sigma_infloat, optional
The assumed blur level of the input image.

c_dogfloat, optional
Threshold to discard low contrast extrema in the DoG. It’s final value is dependent on n_scales by the relation: final_c_dog = (2^(1/n_scales)-1) / (2^(1/3)-1) * c_dog

c_edgefloat, optional
Threshold to discard extrema that lie in edges. If H is the Hessian of an extremum, its “edgeness” is described by tr(H)²/det(H). If the edgeness is higher than (c_edge + 1)²/c_edge, the extremum is discarded.

n_binsint, optional
Number of bins in the histogram that describes the gradient orientations around keypoint.

lambda_orifloat, optional
The window used to find the reference orientation of a keypoint has a width of 6 * lambda_ori * sigma and is weighted by a standard deviation of 2 * lambda_ori * sigma.

c_maxfloat, optional
The threshold at which a secondary peak in the orientation histogram is accepted as orientation

lambda_descrfloat, optional
The window used to define the descriptor of a keypoint has a width of 2 * lambda_descr * sigma * (n_hist+1)/n_hist and is weighted by a standard deviation of lambda_descr * sigma.

n_histint, optional
The window used to define the descriptor of a keypoint consists of n_hist * n_hist histograms.

n_oriint, optional
The number of bins in the histograms of the descriptor patch.

Notes

The SIFT algorithm was developed by David Lowe [1], [2] and later patented by the University of British Columbia. Since the patent expired in 2020 it’s free to use. The implementation here closely follows the detailed description in [3], including use of the same default parameters.

References

1 D.G. Lowe. “Object recognition from local scale-invariant features”, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 1999, vol.2, pp. 1150-1157. DOI:10.1109/ICCV.1999.7904102 D.G. Lowe. “Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints”, International Journal of Computer Vision, 2004, vol. 60, pp. 91–110. DOI:10.1023/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.943 I. R. Otero and M. Delbracio. “Anatomy of the SIFT Method”, Image Processing On Line, 4 (2014), pp. 370–396. DOI:10.5201/ipol.2014.82
Examples

from skimage.feature import SIFT, match_descriptors
from skimage.data import camera
from skimage.transform import rotate
img1 = camera()
img2 = rotate(camera(), 90)
detector_extractor1 = SIFT()
detector_extractor2 = SIFT()
detector_extractor1.detect_and_extract(img1)
detector_extractor2.detect_and_extract(img2)
matches = match_descriptors(detector_extractor1.descriptors,
… detector_extractor2.descriptors,
… max_ratio=0.6)

matches[10:15]
array([[ 10, 412],
[ 11, 417],
[ 12, 407],
[ 13, 411],
[ 14, 406]])

detector_extractor1.keypoints[matches[10:15, 0]]
array([[ 95, 214],
[ 97, 211],
[ 97, 218],
[102, 215],
[104, 218]])

detector_extractor2.keypoints[matches[10:15, 1]]
array([[297, 95],
[301, 97],
[294, 97],
[297, 102],
[293, 104]])
Attributes
delta_minfloat
The sampling distance of the first octave. It’s final value is 1/upsampling.

float_dtypetype
The datatype of the image.

scalespace_sigmas(n_octaves, n_scales + 3) array
The sigma value of all scales in all octaves.

keypoints(N, 2) array
Keypoint coordinates as (row, col).

positions(N, 2) array
Subpixel-precision keypoint coordinates as (row, col).

sigmas(N, ) array
The corresponding sigma (blur) value of a keypoint.

sigmas(N, ) array
The corresponding scale of a keypoint.

orientations(N, ) array
The orientations of the gradient around every keypoint.

octaves(N, ) array
The corresponding octave of a keypoint.

descriptors(N, n_histn_histn_ori) array
The descriptors of a keypoint.

init(upsampling=2, n_octaves=8, n_scales=3, sigma_min=1.6, sigma_in=0.5, c_dog=0.013333333333333334, c_edge=10, n_bins=36, lambda_ori=1.5, c_max=0.8, lambda_descr=6, n_hist=4, n_ori=8)[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

property deltas
The sampling distances of all octaves

detect(image)[source]
Detect the keypoints.

Parameters
image2D array
Input image.

detect_and_extract(image)[source]
Detect the keypoints and extract their descriptors.

Parameters
image2D array
Input image.

extract(image)[source]
Extract the descriptors for all keypoints in the image.

Parameters
image2D array
Input image.

Examples using skimage.feature.SIFT¶
SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor
SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

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skimage.feature函数使用说明

featureGenerate noisy image of a squareFirst trial with the Canny filter, with the default smoothingIncrease the smoothing for better resultsonly select one feature over twoskimage.feature.blob_dog(image[, min_sigma, …])Finds blobs in the given grayscale
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