Noise

噪声观察的一条简单规则是：（通过智力地）对每个晶体管的栅电压作很小的变化，而后预计输出的效果。

套筒式和折叠式运放：在相对低的频率时，共源共栅器件产生的噪声可忽略；

Sources of Noise
1、Shot Noise
Shot noise is always associated with a direct-current flow and is present in diodes, MOS transistors, and bipolar transistors.
The origin of shot noise can be seen by considering the diode of Fig. 11.1a and the carrier concentrations in the device in the forward-bias region as shown in Fig. 11.1b.

The passage of each carrier across the junction, which can be modeled as a random event, is dependent on the carrier having sufficient energy and a velocity directed toward the junction. Thus external current I, which appears to be a steady current, is, in fact, composed of a large number of random independent current pulses. If the current is examined on a sensitive oscilloscope, the trace appears as in Fig. 11.2, where ID is the average current.