巴特沃斯滤波器(英语:Butterworth Filter),也被称作最大平坦滤波器,是一种通频带之频率响应曲线平坦无纹波的信号处理滤波器,最先由英国工程师、物理学家史蒂芬·巴特沃斯提出。
传递函数求解
巴特沃斯滤波器对不同频率下的增益进行了设计,
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n阶巴特沃斯滤波器的增益可以表示为(截止频率
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\left| {{H_n}\left( {j\omega } \right)} \right| = \frac{1}{{\sqrt {1 + {{\left( {\frac{\omega }{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^{2n}}} }}\Leftrightarrow {\left| {{H_n}\left( {j\omega } \right)} \right|^2} = \frac{1}{{1 + {{\left( {\frac{\omega }{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^{2n}}}}
∣Hn(jω)∣=1+(ωcω)2n1⇔∣Hn(jω)∣2=1+(ωcω)2n1
上述表达式仅对幅频特性进行了描述,我们更希望得到传递函数形式的表达式,从而兼具幅频特性和相频特性,考虑到
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\overline {{H_n}\left( {j\omega } \right)} = {H_n}\left( { - j\omega } \right)
Hn(jω)=Hn(−jω),于是有:
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\left\{ \begin{aligned} H_n\left( s \right)H_n\left( { - s} \right) &= {H_n}\left( {j\omega } \right){H_n}\left( { - j\omega } \right) = {H_n}\left( {j\omega } \right)\overline {{H_n}\left( {j\omega } \right)} = {\left| {{H_n}\left( {j\omega } \right)} \right|^2}\\ &= \frac{1}{{1 + {{\left( {\frac{\omega }{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^{2n}}}} = \frac{1}{{1 + {{\left( {\frac{{j\omega }}{{j{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^{2n}}}} = \frac{1}{{1 + {{\left( {\frac{s}{{j{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^{2n}}}}\\ &= \frac{1}{{1 + {{\left( { - \frac{{{s^2}}}{{{\omega _c}^2}}} \right)}^n}}} \end{aligned} \right.
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⎧Hn(s)Hn(−s)=Hn(jω)Hn(−jω)=Hn(jω)Hn(jω)=∣Hn(jω)∣2=1+(ωcω)2n1=1+(jωcjω)2n1=1+(jωcs)2n1=1+(−ωc2s2)n1
进一步求解
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Hn(s)的具体表达式,假设
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- {s_1} = {s_1}{e^{j\pi }}, - {s_2} = {s_2}{e^{j\pi }},..., - {s_n} = {s_n}{e^{j\pi }}
−s1=s1ejπ,−s2=s2ejπ,...,−sn=snejπ。一般地,
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\left\{ \begin{aligned} {H_n}\left( s \right) &= \frac{1}{{\left( {1 - \frac{s}{{{s_1}}}} \right)\left( {1 - \frac{s}{{{s_2}}}} \right) \cdot \cdot \cdot \left( {1 - \frac{s}{{{s_n}}}} \right)}}\\ {H_n}\left( { - s} \right) &= \frac{1}{{\left( {1 - \frac{s}{{{s_1}{e^{j\pi }}}}} \right)\left( {1 - \frac{s}{{{s_2}{e^{j\pi }}}}} \right) \cdot \cdot \cdot \left( {1 - \frac{s}{{{s_n}{e^{j\pi }}}}} \right)}} \end{aligned} \right.
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⎧Hn(s)Hn(−s)=(1−s1s)(1−s2s)⋅⋅⋅(1−sns)1=(1−s1ejπs)(1−s2ejπs)⋅⋅⋅(1−snejπs)1
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{s_1}{e^{j\pi }},{s_2}{e^{j\pi }},...,{s_n}{e^{j\pi }}
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以下对
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H_n\left( s \right)H_n\left( { - s} \right)
Hn(s)Hn(−s)的极值点进行求解:
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\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {\left( { - \frac{{{s^2}}}{{{\omega _c}^2}}} \right)^n} = - 1 = {e^{j\left( {2k - 1} \right)\pi }}\\ \to - \frac{{{s^2}}}{{{\omega _c}^2}} = {e^{\frac{{j\left( {2k - 1} \right)\pi }}{n}}}\\ \to \frac{{{s^2}}}{{{\omega _c}^2}} = {e^{\frac{{j\left( {2k + n - 1} \right)\pi }}{n}}}\\ \to s = \pm{\omega _c}{e^{ \frac{{j\left( {2k + n - 1} \right)\pi }}{{2n}}}},k=1,2,...,n \end{array} \right.
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⎧(−ωc2s2)n=−1=ej(2k−1)π→−ωc2s2=enj(2k−1)π→ωc2s2=enj(2k+n−1)π→s=±ωce2nj(2k+n−1)π,k=1,2,...,n
传递函数表达式
求解1~8阶巴特沃斯滤波器的传递函数,列于下表。如有离散化需求,请参考:传递函数离散化方法。
阶数 | 极值点 | 传递函数 |
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n = 1 n = 1 n=1 | s 1 = ω c e j π s_1 = {\omega_c e^{j\pi }} s1=ωcejπ | H 1 ( s ) = 1 1 − s ω c e j π = 1 1 + s ω c {H_1}\left( s \right) = \frac{1}{{1 - \frac{s}{{{\omega _c}{e^{j\pi }}}}}} = \frac{1}{{1 + \frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}}} H1(s)=1−ωcejπs1=1+ωcs1 |
n = 2 n = 2 n=2 | s 1 = ω c e j 3 π 4 , s 2 = ω c e j 5 π 4 s_1 = {\omega_ce^{\frac{{j3\pi }}{4}}},s_2 = {\omega_c e^{\frac{{j5\pi }}{4}}} s1=ωce4j3π,s2=ωce4j5π | H 2 ( s ) = 1 1 − s ω c e j 3 π 4 1 1 − s ω c e j 5 π 4 = 1 1 + 2 s ω c + ( s ω c ) 2 {H_2}\left( s \right) = \frac{1}{{1 - \frac{s}{{{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j3\pi }}{4}}}}}}}\frac{1}{{1 - \frac{s}{{{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j5\pi }}{4}}}}}}} = \frac{1}{{1 + \sqrt 2 \frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + {{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2}}} H2(s)=1−ωce4j3πs11−ωce4j5πs1=1+2ωcs+(ωcs)21 |
n = 3 n = 3 n=3 | s 1 = ω c e j 2 π 3 , s 2 = ω c e j π , s 3 = ω c e j 4 π 3 s_1 = {\omega_ce^{\frac{{j2\pi }}{3}}},s_2 = {\omega_c e^{j\pi }},s_3 = {\omega_c e^{\frac{{j4\pi }}{3}}} s1=ωce3j2π,s2=ωcejπ,s3=ωce3j4π | H 3 ( s ) = 1 ( 1 + s ω c ) ( 1 + s ω c + ( s ω c ) 2 ) {H_3}\left( s \right) = \frac{1}{{\left( {1 + \frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)\left( {1 + \frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + {{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2}} \right)}} H3(s)=(1+ωcs)(1+ωcs+(ωcs)2)1 |
n = 4 n = 4 n=4 | s 1 = ω c e j 5 π 8 , s 2 = ω c e j 7 π 8 , s 3 = ω c e j 9 π 8 , s 4 = ω c e j 11 π 8 s_1 = {\omega_ce^{\frac{{j5\pi }}{8}}},s_2 = {\omega_c e^{\frac{{j7\pi }}{8}}},s_3 = {\omega_c e^{\frac{{j9\pi }}{8}}},s_4 = {\omega_c e^{\frac{{j11\pi }}{8}}} s1=ωce8j5π,s2=ωce8j7π,s3=ωce8j9π,s4=ωce8j11π | H 4 ( s ) = 1 ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 0.7654 s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 1.8478 s ω c + 1 ) {H_4}\left( s \right) = \frac{1}{{\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 0.7654\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 1.8478\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)}} H4(s)=((ωcs)2+0.7654ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+1.8478ωcs+1)1 |
n = 5 n = 5 n=5 | ω c e j 6 π 10 , ω c e j 8 π 10 , ω c e j 10 π 10 , ω c e j 12 π 10 , ω c e j 14 π 10 {\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j6\pi }}{{10}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j8\pi }}{{10}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j10\pi }}{{10}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j12\pi }}{{10}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j14\pi }}{{10}}}} ωce10j6π,ωce10j8π,ωce10j10π,ωce10j12π,ωce10j14π | H 5 ( s ) = 1 ( s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 0.6180 s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 1.6180 s ω c + 1 ) {H_5}\left( s \right) = \frac{1}{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 0.6180\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 1.6180\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)}} H5(s)=(ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+0.6180ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+1.6180ωcs+1)1 |
n = 6 n = 6 n=6 | ω c e j 7 π 12 , ω c e j 9 π 12 , ω c e j 11 π 12 , ω c e j 13 π 12 , ω c e j 15 π 12 , ω c e j 17 π 12 {\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j7\pi }}{{12}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j9\pi }}{{12}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j11\pi }}{{12}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j13\pi }}{{12}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j15\pi }}{{12}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j17\pi }}{{12}}}} ωce12j7π,ωce12j9π,ωce12j11π,ωce12j13π,ωce12j15π,ωce12j17π | H 6 ( s ) = 1 ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 0.5176 s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 1.414 s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 1.9318 s ω c + 1 ) {H_6}\left( s \right) = \frac{1}{{\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 0.5176\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 1.414\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 1.9318\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)}} H6(s)=((ωcs)2+0.5176ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+1.414ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+1.9318ωcs+1)1 |
n = 7 n = 7 n=7 | ω c e j 8 π 14 , ω c e j 10 π 14 , ω c e j 12 π 14 , ω c e j 14 π 14 , ω c e j 16 π 14 , ω c e j 18 π 14 , ω c e j 20 π 14 {\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j8\pi }}{{14}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j10\pi }}{{14}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j12\pi }}{{14}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j14\pi }}{{14}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j16\pi }}{{14}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j18\pi }}{{14}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j20\pi }}{{14}}}} ωce14j8π,ωce14j10π,ωce14j12π,ωce14j14π,ωce14j16π,ωce14j18π,ωce14j20π | H 7 ( s ) = 1 ( s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 0.4450 s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 1.247 s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 1.8022 s ω c + 1 ) {H_7}\left( s \right) = \frac{1}{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 0.4450\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 1.247\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 1.8022\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)}} H7(s)=(ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+0.4450ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+1.247ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+1.8022ωcs+1)1 |
n = 8 n = 8 n=8 | ω c e j 9 π 16 , ω c e j 11 π 16 , ω c e j 13 π 16 , ω c e j 15 π 16 , ω c e j 17 π 16 , ω c e j 19 π 16 , ω c e j 21 π 16 , ω c e j 23 π 16 {\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j9\pi }}{{16}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j11\pi }}{{16}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j13\pi }}{{16}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j15\pi }}{{16}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j17\pi }}{{16}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j19\pi }}{{16}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j21\pi }}{{16}}}},{\omega _c}{e^{\frac{{j23\pi }}{{16}}}} ωce16j9π,ωce16j11π,ωce16j13π,ωce16j15π,ωce16j17π,ωce16j19π,ωce16j21π,ωce16j23π | H 8 ( s ) = 1 ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 0.3986 s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 1.111 s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 1.6630 s ω c + 1 ) ( ( s ω c ) 2 + 1.9622 s ω c + 1 ) {H_8}\left( s \right) = \frac{1}{{\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 0.3986\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 1.111\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 1.6630\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)\left( {{{\left( {\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^2} + 1.9622\frac{s}{{{\omega _c}}} + 1} \right)}} H8(s)=((ωcs)2+0.3986ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+1.111ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+1.6630ωcs+1)((ωcs)2+1.9622ωcs+1)1 |
Matlab波特图
% 设置频率范围
w = logspace(-1, 1, 1000);
% 设置截止频率
wc = 1;
% 定义各阶巴特沃斯滤波器的传递函数
H1 = 1 ./ (1 + 1j*w/wc);
H2 = 1 ./ (1 + sqrt(2)*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2);
H3 = 1 ./ ((1 + 1j*w/wc) .* (1 + 1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2));
H4 = 1 ./ ((1 + 0.7654*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2) .* (1 + 1.8478*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2));
H5 = 1 ./ ((1 + 1j*w/wc) .* (1 + 0.6180*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2) .* (1 + 1.6180*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2));
H6 = 1 ./ ((1 + 0.5176*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2) .* (1 + 1.414*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2) .* (1 + 1.9318*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2));
H7 = 1 ./ ((1 + 1j*w/wc) .* (1 + 0.4450*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2) .* (1 + 1.247*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2) .* (1 + 1.8022*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2));
H8 = 1 ./ ((1 + 0.3986*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2) .* (1 + 1.111*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2) .* (1 + 1.6630*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2) .* (1 + 1.9622*1j*w/wc + (1j*w/wc).^2));
% 绘制波特图
figure;
subplot(2, 1, 1);
semilogx(w, 20*log10(abs(H1)), 'DisplayName', '1st Order');
hold on;
semilogx(w, 20*log10(abs(H2)), 'DisplayName', '2nd Order', 'LineWidth', 2);
semilogx(w, 20*log10(abs(H3)), 'DisplayName', '3rd Order');
semilogx(w, 20*log10(abs(H4)), 'DisplayName', '4th Order', 'LineWidth', 2);
semilogx(w, 20*log10(abs(H5)), 'DisplayName', '5th Order');
semilogx(w, 20*log10(abs(H6)), 'DisplayName', '6th Order', 'LineWidth', 3);
semilogx(w, 20*log10(abs(H7)), 'DisplayName', '7th Order');
semilogx(w, 20*log10(abs(H8)), 'DisplayName', '8th Order', 'LineWidth', 3);
hold off;
title('Magnitude Response');
xlabel('Frequency (rad/s)');
ylabel('Magnitude (dB)');
legend;
grid on;
ylim([-160, 20]); % 设置幅值 y 轴的限制
subplot(2, 1, 2);
semilogx(w, angle(H1), 'DisplayName', '1st Order');
hold on;
semilogx(w, angle(H2), 'DisplayName', '2nd Order', 'LineWidth', 2);
semilogx(w, angle(H3), 'DisplayName', '3rd Order');
semilogx(w, angle(H4), 'DisplayName', '4th Order', 'LineWidth', 2);
semilogx(w, angle(H5), 'DisplayName', '5th Order');
semilogx(w, angle(H6), 'DisplayName', '6th Order', 'LineWidth', 3);
semilogx(w, angle(H7), 'DisplayName', '7th Order');
semilogx(w, angle(H8), 'DisplayName', '8th Order', 'LineWidth', 3);
hold off;
title('Phase Response');
xlabel('Frequency (rad/s)');
ylabel('Phase (radians)');
legend;
grid on;
基本性质小结
- 不同阶次巴特沃斯滤波器,在截止频率处的增益都是 − 3 -3 −3dB,这也是截止频率的定义;
- 巴特沃斯滤波器的幅度特性是 ω \omega ω 的单调函数,滤波器阶数越高,衰减速度越快;
- 截止频率以上,每十倍频增益衰减 20 n 20n 20n dB, 20 log 10 ∣ H n ( j ω ) ∣ = 20 log 10 1 1 + ( ω ω c ) 2 n ≈ − 20 n log 10 ( ω ω c ) 20{\log _{10}}\left| {{H_n}\left( {j\omega } \right)} \right| = 20{\log _{10}}\frac{1}{{\sqrt {1 + {{\left( {\frac{\omega }{{{\omega _c}}}} \right)}^{2n}}} }} \approx - 20n{\log _{10}}\left( {\frac{\omega }{{{\omega _c}}}} \right) 20log10∣Hn(jω)∣=20log101+(ωcω)2n1≈−20nlog10(ωcω);
- 对于 n n n阶巴特沃斯低通滤波器,幅频特性 ∣ H n ( j ω ) ∣ \left| {{H_n}\left( {j\omega } \right)} \right| ∣Hn(jω)∣,及其一阶导数、二阶导数、…、 2 n − 1 2n-1 2n−1阶导数,在 ω = 0 \omega = 0 ω=0时取值为零,也因此被称为最大平坦的滤波器。
- 相比较于理想滤波器,巴特沃斯滤波器(特别是高阶型)对其幅频特性进行了很好的模拟,但忽略了相频特性。若更追求相频特性,可参考贝塞尔滤波器。
参考文献
参考1:巴特沃斯,维基百科
参考2:传递函数离散化方法
参考3:信号无失真传输,理想滤波器
参考4:巴特沃斯,CSDN
参考5:巴特沃斯,CSDN