在visual MODFLOW flex中ponding是什么意思？

以下这段话摘录自visual MODFLOW flex 10.0的飞机场的例子中的原话。

在许多水文地质环境中，含水层由陆地表面渗透的水补给。为了在Visual MODFLOW Flex中分配补给，您必须查看模型的顶层。检查主工作流窗口左上角的“视图”框，查看您当前所在的层。要指定的第一个边界条件是含水层的补给通量：

·首先，您需要确保正在查看第1层。在“视图”下的[Layer]字段中键入“1”（或使用箭头按钮）。
·从工具箱中的边界条件列表中选择“重新充电”。
·从工具箱中单击[指定]>[整个层]。将出现“定义边界条件”对话框。
·单击[下一步>>]接受默认名称。
·在“充电（mm/yr）”列中输入100，然后按F2将此值传播到所有行。
·为Conc001保留默认值-1；这表明不会将污染物质量分配给再充电通量。
·在“Ponding（m）”列中输入0，然后按F2将此值传播到所有行，如下所示。除MODFLOWSURFACT外，任何引擎都不使用Ponding参数，因此对于不使用此引擎的模型，此参数无效。
·最后，将日程表从“瞬态”更改为“静态”
·“定义边界条件”窗口现在应如下图所示：

以下是MODFLOW surfact中对ponding参数的描述。

Ability for MODFLOW to simulate prescribed-ponding-recharge and seepage-face
boundary conditions.

MODFLOW能够模拟规定的积水补给和渗流面边界条件。

R - non-ponding Recharge and seepage face boundary conditions

R-无积水补给和渗流面边界条件

RSF4 - The Recharge-Seepage Face Package which accommodates nonponding recharge and seepage face boundary conditions.

RSF4-补给渗流面包，适用于无积水补给和渗流面边界条件。

Handling of non-ponding or prescribed ponding recharge conditions - The original USGS MODFLOW’s RCH package ignores these features..

处理非积水或规定的积水补给条件-USGS MODFLOW的原始RCH包忽略了这些特征。。

Chapter 4 presents the RSF4 Package which incorporates new schemes for handling recharge boundary conditions (with prescribed or zero ponding elevations) and seepage face boundary conditions. This chapter should be consulted by the user who deals with unconfined flow problems with such complex boundary conditions.

第4章介绍了RSF4包，其中包含了处理补给边界条件（具有规定或零积水高度）和渗流面边界条件的新方案。处理具有如此复杂边界条件的无约束流动问题的用户应参考本章。

The MODFLOW code accommodates groundwater recharge boundary conditions using the Recharge (RCH1) package. However, the RCH1 package has certain limitations in representing unconfined systems. If an unconfined aquifer saturates to the ground
surface, the capacity of the aquifer to absorb the supplied recharge is reduced, with the remaining water being shed as surface runoff. The RCH1 Package is incapable of handling such a situation. Instead, it continues to provide the aquifer with the supplied
recharge (as in confined systems) with heads continually rising well above the ground surface. The new RSF4 Package of MODFLOW-SURFACT is designed to eliminate this physically unrealistic condition. The RSF4 Package allows the supplied recharge into the
groundwater system if the water table is below a user prescribed pool (ponding) elevation.The pool elevation corresponds the ground surface elevation when there is no ponding.

If, at anytime, the water table reaches the pool elevation, the simulation allows only as much recharge to occur to maintain the prescribed pool conditions. The remaining recharge is not accepted into the simulation domain.

The output of the simulation reflects this reduction in volumetric recharge flux (L3/T) to the system resulting from the system saturating up to the ponding height.

Note that the RSF4 Package is uncoupled from the Streamflow-Routing Packages (STR1 or SFR1), and, therefore, this surplus recharge is not routed into prescribed streams in any manner.

MODFLOW代码使用补给（RCH1）包适应地下水补给边界条件。然而，RCH1包在表示无约束系统方面有一定的局限性。如果无压含水层饱和到地表，含水层吸收补给的能力就会降低，剩余的水会作为地表径流流失。RCH1包无法处理这种情况。相反，它继续为含水层提供补给（如在封闭系统中），水头不断上升到地表以上。MODFLOW-SURFACT的新RSF4包旨在消除这种物理上不切实际的情况。如果地下水位低于用户规定的水池（积水）标高，RSF4包允许向地下水系统进行补给。水池标高对应于无积水时的地面标高。如果地下水位在任何时候达到水池标高，模拟只允许进行尽可能多的补给，以维持规定的水池条件。模拟域不接受剩余的充值。

模拟的输出反映了由于系统饱和到积水高度而导致的系统体积补给通量（L3/T）的减少。请注意，RSF4包与Streamflow路由包（STR1或SFR1）是解耦的，因此，这种多余的补给不会以任何方式路由到规定的流中。

 

Further, for a MODHMS simulation, the unconfined seepage option conflicts with  the overland flow domain where the domain is active and hence a very high ponding  elevation should be set in these locations to prevent interference of this package with  overland flow, if the unconfined seepage seepage opion is used in the RSF4 package.

此外，对于MODHMS模拟，无侧限渗流选项与陆上流动域相冲突，该域是活动的，因此，如果RSF4包中使用了无侧限渗透渗流选项，则应在这些位置设置非常高的积水高度，以防止该包与陆上流发生干扰。

The RSF4 Package may be applied to any situation involving recharge and  atmospheric seepage face boundary conditions. Input data required by the package  includes the recharge rate, which is stored in a two-dimensional (2-D) array (RECH) with  one element for each horizontal cell location, as in the previous MODFLOW Recharge  Package. In addition, to allow unconfined recharge conditions, the RSF4 Package requires  pool elevations (PNDEL) as input. As long as the water-table elevation (HNEW) of a cell  remains below its pool elevation, the entire recharge rate (RECH) is applied to the boundary. If, during a nonlinear iteration, the water-table level exceeds the pool level,  the pool level is maintained and the recharge to the system decreases to the maximum  recharge rate acceptable by the system under pool elevation conditions. If, at anytime  during the simulation, the water table falls below the prescribed pool elevation, the full  recharge rate is applied to the system. Further, if the pool elevation is above land surface,  the storage term is augmented by the additional volume of ponded water, using the  modified Picard method (Celia et al., 1990). Ponding is assumed to occur over the full  area of a cell unless the flag IPNDPOR is turned on. In that case, small lakes and ponds  within a grid-block may have their volume accounted (in transient cases) as a fraction of  the grid-block size which is additionally read in the array PNDPOR. The cell-by-cell flow  file for the recharge module further includes budget values for the ponded storage term for  transient simulations. It should further be noted that negative values of ‘recharge’ listed  in the cell-by-cell- flow file or mass budget terms indicate a discharge occurring under  seepage-face conditions, from the ‘RECHARGE’ boundary nodes.

RSF4包可应用于涉及补给和大气渗流面边界条件的任何情况。该包所需的输入数据包括充电率，该充电率存储在二维（2-D）阵列（RECH）中，每个水平单元位置有一个元素，如之前的MODFLOW充电包。此外，为了允许无限制的补给条件，RSF4包需要池高程（PNDEL）作为输入。

只要单元的地下水位高度（HNEW）保持在其水池高度以下，整个补给率（RECH）就会应用于边界。

如果在非线性迭代过程中，地下水位超过蓄水位，则保持蓄水位，并将系统的补给减少到系统在蓄水位条件下可接受的最大补给率。

If, during a nonlinear iteration, the water-table level exceeds the pool level,  the pool level is maintained and the recharge to the system decreases to the maximum  recharge rate acceptable by the system under pool elevation conditions.

If, at anytime  during the simulation, the water table falls below the prescribed pool elevation, the full  recharge rate is applied to the system.

如果在模拟过程中的任何时候，地下水位降至规定的水池标高以下，则对系统应用满充率。

Further, if the pool elevation is above land surface,  the storage term is augmented by the additional volume of ponded water, using the  modified Picard method (Celia et al., 1990).

此外，如果水池标高高于地表，则使用改进的皮卡德法（Celia等人，1990），蓄水期会因积水的额外体积而增加。

Ponding is assumed to occur over the full  area of a cell unless the flag IPNDPOR is turned on.

除非打开标志IPNDPOR，否则假设在整个单元区域都会发生积水。

In that case, small lakes and ponds  within a grid-block may have their volume accounted (in transient cases) as a fraction of  the grid-block size which is additionally read in the array PNDPOR.

在这种情况下，网格块内的小湖和池塘的体积可能会被计入（在瞬态情况下）网格块大小的一部分，并在阵列PNDPOR中额外读取。

The cell-by-cell flow  file for the recharge module further includes budget values for the ponded storage term for  transient simulations.

Recharge模块的逐个单元格的流量文件还包括用于瞬态模拟的积水储存期的预算值。

It should further be noted that negative values of ‘recharge’ listed  in the cell-by-cell- flow file or mass budget terms indicate a discharge occurring under  seepage-face conditions, from the ‘RECHARGE’ boundary nodes.

还应注意的是，逐个单元的流量文件或质量预算项中列出的“Recharge”负值表示在渗流面条件下从“再放电”边界节点发生的放电。