python自学之《Python程序设计 （第3版）》(9)——数据集合

第 1 1 章 数 据 集 合

  1 # stats.py
  2 from math import sqrt
  3 
  4 def getNumbers():
  5     nums = [] # start with an empty list
  6     # sentinel loop to get numbers
  7     xStr = input("Enter a number (<Enter> to quit) >> ")
  8     while xStr != "":
  9         x = float(xStr)
 10         nums.append(x) # add this value to the list
 11         xStr = input("Enter a number (<Enter> to quit) >> ")
 12     return nums
 13 
 14 def mean(nums):
 15     total = 0.0
 16     for num in nums:
 17         total = total + num
 18     return total / len(nums)
 19 
 20 def stdDev(nums, xbar):
 21     sumDevSq = 0.0
 22     for num in nums:
 23         dev = num -xbar
 24         sumDevSq = sumDevSq + dev * dev
 25     return sqrt(sumDevSq/len(nums)-1)
 26 
 27 def median(nums):
 28     nums.sort()
 29     size = len(nums)
 30     midPos = size // 2
 31     if size % 2 == 0:
 32         med = (nums[midPos] + nums[midPos-1]) / 2.0
 33     else:
 34         med = nums[midPos]
 35     return med
 36 
 37 def main():
 38     print("This program computes mean, median, and standard deviation.")
 39 
 40     data = getNumbers()
 41     xbar = mean(data)
 42     std = stdDev(data, xbar)
 43     med = median(data)
 44 
 45     print("\nThe mean is", xbar)
 46     print("The standard deviation is", std)
 47     print("The median is", med)
 48 
 49 if __name__ == '__main__':main()

  1 # gpasort.py
  2 # A program to sort student sinformation into GPA order.
  3 
  4 from gpa import Student, makeStudent
  5 
  6 def readStudents(filename):
  7     infile = open(filename, 'r')
  8     students = []
  9     for line in infile:
 10         students.append(makeStudent(line))
 11     infile.close()
 12     return students
 13 
 14 def writeStudents(students, filename):
 15     outfile = open(filename, 'w')
 16     for s in students:
 17         print("{0}\t{1}\t{2}".
 18                 format(s.getName(), s.getHours(), s.getQPoints()),
 19             file=outfile)
 20     outfile.close()
 21 
 22 def main():
 23     print("This program sorts student grade information by GPA")
 24     filename = input("Enter the name of the data file: ")
 25     data = readStudents(filename)
 26     data.sort(key=Student.gpa)
 27     filename = input("Enter a name for the output file: ")
 28     writeStudents(data, filename)
 29     print("The data has been written to", filename)
 30 
 31 
 32 if __init__ == '__main__':
 33     main()

1 # dieview2.py
  2 from graphics import *
  3 class DieView:
  4     """ DieView is a widget that displays a graphical
  5     representation of a standard six-sided die."""
  6 
  7     def __init__(self, win, center, size):
  8         """Create a view of a die, e.g.:
  9             d1 = GDie(myWin, Point(40,50), 20)
 10         creates a die centered at (40,50) having sides
 11         of length 20."""
 12 
 13         # first define some standard values
 14         self.win = win
 15         self.background = "white" # color of die face
 16         self.foreground = "black" # color of the pips
 17         self.psize = 0.1 * size # radius of each pip
 18         hsize = size / 2.0 # half of size
 19         offset = 0.6 * hsize # distance from center to outer pips
 20 
 21         # create a square for the face
 22         cx, cy = center.getX(), center.getY()
 23         p1 = Point(cx-hsize, cy-hsize)
 24         p2 = Point(cx+hsize, cy+hsize)
 25         rect = Rectangle(p1,p2)
 26         rect.draw(win)
 27         rect.setFill(self.background)
 28         # Create 7 circles for standard pip locations
 29         self.pips = [ self.__makePip(cx-offset, cy-offset),
 30                       self.__makePip(cx-offset, cy),
 31                       self.__makePip(cx-offset, cy+offset),
 32                       self.__makePip(cx, cy),
 33                       self.__makePip(cx+offset, cy-offset),
 34                       self.__makePip(cx+offset, cy),
 35                       self.__makePip(cx+offset, cy+offset) ]
 36 
 37         # Create a table for which pips are on for each value
 38         self.onTable = [ [], [3], [2,4], [2,3,4],
 39             [0,2,4,6], [0,2,3,4,6], [0,1,2,4,5,6] ]
 40 
 41         self.setValue(1)
 42     def __makePip(self, x, y):
 43         """Internal helper method to draw a pip at (x,y)"""
 44         pip = Circle(Point(x,y), self.psize)
 45         pip.setFill(self.background)
 46         pip.setOutline(self.background)
 47         pip.draw(self.win)
 48         return pip
 49 
 50     def setValue(self, Value):
 51         """Set this die to display value."""
 52         # Turn all the pips off
 53         for pip in self.pips:
 54             pip.setFill(self.background)
 55 
 56         # Turn the appropriate pips back on
 57         for i in self.onTable[value]:
 58             self.pips[i].setFill(self.foreground)
 59 

 1 # calc.pyw --A four function calculator using Python arithmetic.
  2 # Illustrates use of objects and lists to build a simple GUI.
  3 
  4 from graphics import *
  5 from button import Button
  6 
  7 class Calculator:
  8     # This class implements a simple calculator GUI
  9 
 10     def __init__(self):
 11         # create the window for the calculator
 12         win = GraphWin("calculator")
 13         win.setCoords(0,0,6,7)
 14         win.setBackground("slategray")
 15         self.win = win
 16         # Now create the widgets
 17         self.__createButtons()
 18         self.__createDisplay()
 19 
 20     def __createButtons(self):
 21         # create list of buttons
 22         # start with all the standard sized buttons
 23         # bSpecs gives center coords and label of buttons
 24         bSpecs = [(2,1,'0'), (3,1,'.'),
 25                   (1,2,'1'), (2,2,'2'), (3,2,'3'), (4,2,'+'), (5,2,'-'),
 26                   (1,3,'4'), (2,3,'5'), (3,3,'6'), (4,3,'*'), (5,3,'/'),
 27                   (1,4,'7'), (2,4,'8'), (3,4,'9'), (4,4,'<-'), (5,4,'C')]
 28         self.buttons = []
 29         for (cx,cy,label) in bSpecs:
 30             self.buttons.append(Button(self.win, Point(cx,cy), .75, .75, label))
 31         #create the larger = button
 32         self.buttons.append(Button(self.win, Point(4.5,1), 1.75, .75, "="))
 33 
 34         # activate all buttons
 35         for b in self.buttons:
 36             b.activate()
 37 
 38     def __createDisplay(self):
 39         bg = Rectangle(Point(.5,5,5), Point(5.5,6.5))
 40         bg.setFill('white')
 41         bg.draw(self.win)
 42         text = Text(Point(3,6), "")
 43         text.draw(self.win)
 44         text.setFace("courier")
 45         text.setStyle("bold")
 46         text.setSize(16)
 47         self.display = text
 48 
 49     def getButton(self):
 50         # Waits for a button to be clicked and returns the label of
 51         # the button that was clicked.
 52         while True:
 53             p = self.win.getMouse()
 54             for b in self.buttons:
 55                 if b.clicked(p):
 56                     return b.getLabel() # method exit
 57 
 58     def processButton(self, key):
 59         # Updates the display of the calculator for press  of this key
 60         text = self.display.getText()
 61         if key == 'C':
 62             self.display.setText("")
 63         elif key =='<-' :
 64             # Backspace,slice off the last character.
 65             self.display.setText(text[:-1])
 66         elif key == '=':
 67             # Evaluate the expresssion and display the result.
 68             # the try...except mechanism "catches" errors in the
 69             # formula being evaluated.
 70             try:
 71                 result = eval(text)
 72             except:
 73                 result = 'ERROR'
 74             self.display.setText(str(result))
 75         else:
 76             # Normal key press, append it to the end of the display
 77             self.display.setText(text+key)
 78 
 79     def run(self):
 80         # Infinite event loop to process button clicks.
 81         while True:
 82             key = self.getButton()
 83             self.processButton(key)
 84 
 85 # This runs the program.
 86 if __name__ == '__main__':
 87     # First create a calculator object
 88     theCalc = Calculator()
 89     # Now call the calculator's run method.
 90     theCalc.run()

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/yhm/Study/python/20221205/calc.py", line 88, in <module>
    theCalc = Calculator()
  File "/home/yhm/Study/python/20221205/calc.py", line 17, in __init__
    self.__createButtons()
  File "/home/yhm/Study/python/20221205/calc.py", line 36, in __createButtons
    b.activate()
TypeError: 'bool' object is not callable

  1 def byFreq(pair):
  2     return pair[1]
  3 
  4 def main():
  5     print("This program analyzes word frequency in a file")
  6     print("and prints a report on the n most frequent words.\n")
  7 
  8     # get the sequence of words from the file
  9     fname = input("File to analyze: ")
 10     text = open(fname, 'r').read()
 11     text = text.lower()
 12     for ch in '!"#$%&()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~':
 13         text = text.replace(ch, ' ')
 14     words = text.split()
 15 
 16     # construct a dictionary of word counts
 17     counts = {}
 18     for w in words:
 19         counts[w] = counts.get(w,0) + 1
 20 
 21     # output analysis of n most frequent words.
 22     n = eval(input("Output analysis of how many words? "))
 23     items = list(counts.items())
 24     items.sort()
 25     items.sort(key=byFreq, reverse=True)
 26     for i in range(n):
 27         word, count = items[i]
 28         print("{0:<15}{1:>5}".format(word, count))
 29 
 30 if __name__ == '__main__':main()

11.8小结

11.9练习