问题的提出:整系数多项式的前 n n n 项和如何求得
∑ x = 1 n f ( x ) = ? = ∫ 0 n g ( x ) d x \sum_{x=1}^{n}f(x)=?=\int_{0}^{n}g(x)dx x=1∑nf(x)=?=∫0ng(x)dx
∑ x = 1 n x = n ( n + 1 ) 2 = ∫ 0 n x + 1 2 d x \sum_{x=1}^{n}{x}=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}=\int_{0}^{n}x+\frac{1}{2}dx x=1∑nx=2n(n+1)=∫0nx+21dx
∑ x = 1 n x 2 = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 = ∫ 0 n x 2 + x + 1 6 d x \sum_{x=1}^{n}{x^{2}}=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}=\int_{0}^{n}x^{2} +x+\frac{1}{6}{}dx x=1∑nx2=6n(n+1)(2n+1)=∫0nx2+x+61dx
∑ x = 1 n x 3 = n 2 ( n + 1 ) 2 4 = ∫ 0 n x 3 + 3 x 2 2 + x 2 d x \sum_{x=1}^{n}{x^{3}}=\frac{n^{2}(n+1)^{2}}{4}=\int_{0}^{n}x^3+\frac{3x^2}{2}+\frac{x}{2}dx x=1∑nx3=4n2(n+1)2=∫0nx3+23x2+2xdx
∑ x = 1 n x 4 = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 3 n 2 + 3 n − 1 ) 30 = ∫ 0 n x 4 + 2 x 3 + x 2 − 1 30 d x \sum_{x=1}^{n}{x^{4}}=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)(3n^2+3n-1)}{30} =\int_{0}^{n}x^4+2x^3+x^2-\frac{1}{30}dx x=1∑nx4=30n(n+1)(2n+1)(3n2+3n−1)=∫0nx4+2x3+x2−301dx
上面过程见我的文章:级数的部分和与伯努利数
如何求 ∑ x = 1 n x ( x + 5 ) = ∑ x = 1 n ( x 2 + 5 x ) = ? \sum_{x=1}^{n}{x(x+5)}=\sum_{x=1}^{n}{(x^2}+5x)=? x=1∑nx(x+5)=x=1∑n(x2+5x)=?
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∑ x = 1 n ( x 2 + 5 x ) = ∫ 0 n ( x 2 + x + 1 / 6 ) + 5 ( x + 1 / 2 ) d x \sum_{x=1}^{n}{(x^2}+5x)=\int_{0}^{n}({\color{red}{x^2+x+1/6}})+5({\color{red}{ x+1/2}}) dx x=1∑n(x2+5x)=∫0n(x2+x+1/6)+5(x+1/2)dx
= ∫ 0 n ( x 2 + 6 x + 8 / 3 ) d x = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 8 ) 3 =\int_{0}^{n}(x^2+6x+8/3)dx=\frac{n(n+1)(n+8)}{3} =∫0n(x2+6x+8/3)dx=3n(n+1)(n+8)
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\boxed{\color{blue}{\sum_{x=1}^{n}x(x+5)=\frac{n(n+1)(n+8)}{3}}=\int_{0}^{n}(x^2+6x+8/3)dx}
x=1∑nx(x+5)=3n(n+1)(n+8)=∫0n(x2+6x+8/3)dx
用同样方法可求得任何整系数多项式的前n项和
∑ x = 1 n f k ( x ) = ∫ 0 n f ( B k ( x ) ) d x \sum_{x=1}^{n}f_k(x)=\int_{0}^{n}{f(B_k(x))dx} x=1∑nfk(x)=∫0nf(Bk(x))dx
∑ x = 1 n x ( x + 1 ) = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 3 = ∫ 0 n ( x 2 + 2 x + 2 / 3 ) d x \boxed{\color{blue}{\sum_{x=1}^{n}x(x+1)=\frac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{3}}=\int_{0}^{n}(x^2+2x+2/3)dx} x=1∑nx(x+1)=3n(n+1)(n+2)=∫0n(x2+2x+2/3)dx
∑ x = 1 n ( 2 x − 1 ) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + ( 2 n − 1 ) = n 2 = ∫ 0 n ( 2 x ) d x \boxed{\color{blue}{\sum_{x=1}^{n}(2x-1)=1+3+5+\cdots +(2n-1)=n^2=\int_{0}^{n}(2x)dx}} x=1∑n(2x−1)=1+3+5+⋯+(2n−1)=n2=∫0n(2x)dx
∑ x = 1 n x ( x + 2 ) = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 7 ) 6 = ∫ 0 n ( x 2 + 3 x + 7 / 6 ) d x \boxed{\color{blue}{\sum_{x=1}^{n}x(x+2)=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+7)}{6}}=\int_{0}^{n}(x^2+3x+7/6)dx} x=1∑nx(x+2)=6n(n+1)(2n+7)=∫0n(x2+3x+7/6)dx
∑ x = 1 n x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ( n + 3 ) 4 = ∫ 0 n ( x 3 + 9 2 x 2 + 11 2 x + 3 2 ) d x \boxed{\color{blue}{\sum_{x=1}^{n}x(x+1)(x+2)=\frac{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}{4}}=\int_{0}^{n}(x^3+\frac{9}{2}x^2+\frac{11}{2}x+\frac{3}{2})dx} x=1∑nx(x+1)(x+2)=4n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)=∫0n(x3+29x2+211x+23)dx
∑ x = 1 n x ( x + 1 ) ⋯ ( x + k ) = n ( n + 1 ) ⋯ ( n + k + 1 ) k + 2 \boxed{\color{blue}{\sum_{x=1}^{n}x(x+1)\cdots (x+k)=\frac{n(n+1)\cdots(n+k+1)}{k+2}}} x=1∑nx(x+1)⋯(x+k)=k+2n(n+1)⋯(n+k+1)
∑ x = 1 n x ( x + 1 ) 2 = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ( 3 n + 5 ) 12 = ∫ 0 n ( x 3 + 21 6 x 2 + 21 6 x + 5 6 ) d x \boxed{\color{blue}{\sum_{x=1}^{n}x(x+1)^2=\frac{n(n+1)(n+2)(3n+5)}{12}}=\int_{0}^{n}(x^3+\frac{21}{6}x^2+\frac{21}{6}x+\frac{5}{6})dx} x=1∑nx(x+1)2=12n(n+1)(n+2)(3n+5)=∫0n(x3+621x2+621x+65)dx
∑ x = 1 n x ( x + 1 ) 2 = ∑ x = 1 n ( x 3 + 2 x 2 + x ) \sum_{x=1}^{n}x(x+1)^2=\sum_{x=1}^{n}(x^3+2x^2+x) x=1∑nx(x+1)2=x=1∑n(x3+2x2+x)
= ∫ 0 n ( x 3 + 3 x 2 / 2 + x / 2 ) + 2 ( x 2 + x + 1 / 6 ) + ( x + 1 / 2 ) d x =\int_{0}^{n}({\color{red}{x^3+3x^2/2+x/2}})+2({\color{red}{{x^2+x+1/6}}})+({\color{red}x+1/2})dx =∫0n(x3+3x2/2+x/2)+2(x2+x+1/6)+(x+1/2)dx
= ∫ 0 n ( x 3 + 21 6 x 2 + 21 6 x + 5 6 ) d x =\int_{0}^{n}(x^3+\frac{21}{6}x^2+\frac{21}{6}x+\frac{5}{6})dx =∫0n(x3+621x2+621x+65)dx
= n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ( 3 n + 5 ) 12 =\frac{n(n+1)(n+2)(3n+5)}{12} =12n(n+1)(n+2)(3n+5)
就这么简单!
下篇讲
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\sum_{x=1}^{n}\frac{1}{f_k(x)}=?
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∑ x = 1 n 1 x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 5 ) ( x + 9 ) = ? = ∫ 0 n g ( x ) d x \sum_{x=1}^{n}\frac{1}{x(x+1)(x+5)(x+9)}=?=\int_{0}^{n}g^{}(x)dx x=1∑nx(x+1)(x+5)(x+9)1=?=∫0ng(x)dx
方法完全不同,这里不能用伯努利多项式。